多级支护边坡屈服加速度及因素敏感性分析

基于拟静力法,结合塑性极限分析上限定理和强度折减技术,推导了桩板式挡墙与二级锚杆挡墙支护高边坡地震作用下的水平屈服加速度系数的上限解,分别计算了多级支护结构总高度、边坡平台宽度、土的抗剪强度折减系数、桩板墙桩侧土压力分布经验系数、锚杆挡墙倾角、锚杆轴力及倾角等因素下,多级支护边坡的水平屈服加速度系数的临界极限值。根据正交分析法,给出了地震条件下基覆边坡水平屈服加速度系数影响因素的敏感性顺序。研究表明,多级支挡结构高度和锚杆轴力敏感性较大,而锚杆倾角、桩侧土压力分布经验系数和边坡平台宽度的敏感性较小。锚杆倾角、锚杆挡墙倾角、边坡平台宽度、桩板墙抗力及桩侧土压力分布形式的选择等,对水平屈服加速度系数的影响较小。土的抗剪强度参数中,黏聚力对水平屈服加速度系数的影响较小,而内摩擦角的影响较大。     

Pyropia yezoensis can utilize CO2 in the air during moderate dehydration

Pyropia yezoensis,an intertidal seaweed,experiences regular dehydration and rehydration with the tides.In this study,the responses of P.yezoensis to dehydration and rehydration under high and low CO 2 concentrations((600–700)×10-6 and(40–80)×10-6,named Group I and Group II respectively)were investigated.The thalli of Group I had a signifi cantly higher effective photosystem II quantum yield than the thalli of Group II at 71% absolute water content(AWC).There was little difference between thalli morphology,total Rubisco activity and total protein content at 100% and 71% AWC,which might be the basis for the normal performance of photosynthesis during moderate dehydration.A higher effective photosystem I quantum yield was observed in the thalli subjected to a low CO 2 concentration during moderate dehydration,which might be caused by the enhancement of cyclic electron fl ow.These results suggested that P.yezoensis can directly utilize CO 2 in ambient air during moderate dehydration.     

A homogenization method for estimating the bearing capacity of soils reinforced by columns

The ultimate bearing capacity problem of a strip foundation resting on a soil reinforced by a group of regularly spaced columns is investigated in the situation when both the native soil and reinforcing material are purely cohesive. Making use of the yield design homogenization approach, it is shown that such a problem may be dealt with as a plane strain yield design problem, provided that the reinforced soil macroscopic strength condition has been previously determined. Lower and upper bound estimates for such a macroscopic criterion are obtained, thus giving evidence of the reinforced soil strong anisotropy. Performing the upper bound kinematic approach on the homogenized bearing capacity problem, by using the classical Prandtl's failure mechanism, makes it then possible to derive analytical upper bound estimates for the reinforced foundation bearing capacity, as a function of the reinforced soil parameters (volume fraction and cohesion ratio), as well as of the relative extension of the reinforced area. It is shown in particular that such an estimate is closer to the exact value of the ultimate bearing capacity, than that derived from a direct analysis which implicitly assumes that the reinforced soil is an isotropic material. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Regionalizing mean annual flow and daily flow variability for basin‐scale sediment and nutrient modelling

River discharges vary strongly through time and space, and quantifying this variability is fundamental to understanding and modelling river processes. The river basin is increasingly being used as the unit for natural resource planning and management; to facilitate this, basin‐scale models of material supply and transport are being developed. For many basin‐scale planning activities, detailed rainfall‐runoff modelling is neither necessary nor tractable, and models that capture spatial patterns of material supply and transport averaged over decades are sufficient. Nevertheless, the data to describe the spatial variability of river discharge across large basins for use in such models are often limited, and hence models to predict river discharge at the basin scale are required. We describe models for predicting mean annual flow and a non‐dimensional measure of daily flow variability for every river reach within a drainage network. The models use sparse river gauging data, modelled grid surfaces of mean annual rainfall and mean annual potential evapotranspiration, and a network accumulation algorithm. We demonstrate the parameterization and application of the models using data for the Murrumbidgee basin, in southeast Australia, and describe the use of these predictions in modelling sediment transport through the river network. The regionalizations described contain less uncertainty, and are more sensitive to observed spatial variations in runoff, than regionalizations based on catchment area and rainfall alone. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gene Expression Programing for Estimating Suspended Sediment Yield in Middle Euphrates Basin,Turkey

Gene expression programing (GEP) is used to estimate the suspended sediment yield (SSY) in Euphrates River. SSY is considered to be a function of (i) discharge and (ii) time‐lagged discharge and SSY. The proposed models were trained to extrapolate natural stream data collected from five stations in Middle Euphrates Basin. A detailed sensitivity analysis is done to select the time‐lagged discharge and sediment yield variables. GEP implicitly evaluates the contribution of each independent variable on the fitness of candidate solution and eliminates the variable having no contribution. In this study, all input variables are observed to be included in the proposed GEP models, which prove the significance of each variable. Also, standard and modified sediment rating curves and regression‐based formulae are developed for the five stations. In verification, the estimations of GEP formulae agree well with the measured ones. The GEP models are evaluated by the results of the rating curves and regression formulae. In general, the GEP formulae give better results compared to the rating curves and regression‐based formulae.     

Development of a SWAT extension module to simulate riparian wetland hydrologic processes at a watershed scale

Using a mass balance algorithm, this study develops an extension module that can be embedded in the commonly used Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). This module makes it possible to assess effects of riparian wetlands on runoff and sediment yields at a watershed scale, which is very important for aquatic ecosystem management but rarely documented in the literature. In addition to delineating boundaries of a watershed and its subwatersheds, the module groups riparian wetlands within a subwatershed into an equivalent wetland for modelling purposes. Further, the module has functions to compute upland drainage area and other parameters (e.g. maximum volume) for the equivalent wetland based on digital elevation model, stream network, land use, soil and wetland distribution GIS datasets. SWAT is used to estimate and route runoff and sediment generated from upland drainage area. The lateral exchange processes between riparian wetlands and their hydraulically connected streams are simulated by the extension module. The developed module is empirically applied to the 53 km² Upper Canagagigue Creek watershed located in Southern Ontario of Canada. The simulation results indicate that the module can make SWAT more reasonably predict flow and sediment loads at the outlet of the watershed and better represent the hydrologic processes within it. The simulation is sensitive to errors of wetland parameters and channel geometry. The approach of embedding the module into SWAT enables simulation of hydrologic processes in riparian wetlands, evaluation of wetland effects on regulating stream flow and sediment loading and assessment of various wetland restoration scenarios. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Volcanic hazards at Mount Semeru,East Java (Indonesia), with emphasis on lahars

Mt. Semeru, the highest mountain in Java (3,676 m), is one of the few persistently active composite volcanoes on Earth, with a plain supporting about 1 million people. We present the geology of the edifice, review its historical eruptive activity, and assess hazards posed by the current activity, highlighting the lahar threat. The composite andesite cone of Semeru results from the growth of two edifices: the Mahameru ‘old’ Semeru and the Seloko ‘young’ Semeru. On the SE flank of the summit cone, a N130-trending scar, branched on the active Jonggring-Seloko vent, is the current pathway for rockslides and pyroclastic flows produced by dome growth. The eruptive activity, recorded since 1818, shows three styles: (1) The persistent vulcanian and phreatomagmatic regime consists of short-lived eruption columns several times a day; (2) increase in activity every 5 to 7 years produces several kilometer-high eruption columns, ballistic bombs and thick tephra fall around the vent, and ash fall 40 km downwind. Dome extrusion in the vent and subsequent collapses produce block-and-ash flows that travel toward the SE as far as 11 km from the summit; and (3) flank lava flows erupted on the lower SE and E flanks in 1895 and in 1941–1942. Pyroclastic flows recur every 5 years on average while large-scale lahars exceeding 5 million m³ each have occurred at least five times since 1884. Lumajang, a city home to 85,000 people located 35 km E of the summit, was devastated by lahars in 1909. In 2000, the catchment of the Curah Lengkong River on the ESE flank shows an annual sediment yield of 2.7 × 10⁵ m³ km⁻² and a denudation rate of 4 10⁵ t km⁻² yr⁻¹, comparable with values reported at other active composite cones in wet environment. Unlike catchments affected by high magnitude eruptions, sediment yield at Mt. Semeru, however, does not decline drastically within the first post-eruption years. This is due to the daily supply of pyroclastic debris shed over the summit cone, which is remobilised by runoff during the rainy season. Three hazard-prone areas are delineated at Mt. Semeru: (1) a triangle-shaped area open toward the SE has been frequently swept by dome-collapse avalanches and pyroclastic flows; (2) the S and SE valleys convey tens of rain-triggered lahars each year within a distance of 20 km toward the ring plain; (3) valleys 25 km S, SE, and the ring plain 35 km E toward Lumajang can be affected by debris avalanches and debris flows if the steep-sided summit cone fails.     

基于椭圆-抛物双屈服面模型的广义泊松比研究

适用性较好的土体模型除了能较好地模拟土体的应力-应变关系外,还应该能较好地反映土体的侧向变形,即合理计算广义泊松比。在椭圆-抛物双屈服面模型的基础上,建立了反映侧向变形特性的广义泊松比公式,并利用广义泊松比来研究砂-聚苯乙烯颗粒轻质填料的变形规律。文中研究了包括材料配比在内的主要参数对广义泊松比的影响,发现与剪胀有关的参数对广义泊松比的影响较大。基于砂-聚苯乙烯颗粒轻质填料的三轴固结排水剪切试验数据,给出了相关模型参数,结合该材料的剪切强度、变形特性与建立的广义泊松比公式,对该泊松比能否恰当反映土体的变形特性（剪缩、剪胀和侧向变形）进行验证,结果表明广义泊松比可以反映土体的变形特性,尤其是侧向应变及体积应变规律。     

Flexural bending curvature and yield zone of subducting plates

ABSTRACT

We quantify flexural deformation of subducting oceanic plates at a global array of 15 ocean trenches, using a new approach of modelling spatial variations in flexural bending shape and curvature. The investigated trenches are chosen to represent a diverse range of subducting plate age of 24–150 Ma, including the Middle America, Peru, Chile, West and East Aleutian, Sumatra, North and South Philippine, Tonga, Kermadec, Kuril, Japan, Izu-Bonin, and South and North Mariana. The studied trenches show systematic intra- and inter-trench variability in the calculated flexural bending curvature, stress distribution, extensional brittle yield zone, and effective elastic plate thickness T_e of the subducting plates. We find that subducting plate age is a critical factor controlling the bending curvature and the corresponding extensional yield zone. The width, depth, and area of the extensional yield zone are all calculated to increase systematically with the subducting plate age. The newly-developed curvature analysis can yield continuously varying apparent T_e(x) from the trench axis to outer rise. The calculated extensional yield zones from the curvature analysis are in general consistent with the observed normal faulting earthquakes of magnitude≥6.0 at the 15 global trenches. Our analyses also reveal that the five deepest regions of the global trenches, i.e. the Challenger, Horizon, Serena, and Scholl Deeps and Galathea Depth, are associated with relatively large flexural bending and calculated yield zones comparing to their respective adjacent trench segments. The Serena and Challenger Deeps of the S. Mariana trench are calculated to have the largest flexural bending among the five deeps.     

基于旋转运动硬化理论的修正剑桥模型的改进

修正剑桥模型是最早建立和得到广泛承认的经典土体弹塑性模型之一,但不能模拟应力路径转折时土体的应力-应变特性以及应力引起的各向异性。将旋转运动硬化理论引入到剑桥模型中,给出了椭圆屈服面的旋转运动硬化机制,在不增加任何模型参数的情况下,把等向硬化的修正剑桥模型扩展为旋转运动硬化模型。扩展的新模型既保留了单调加载时的等向硬化的特性,又能反映应力路径转折时土体的本构特性与应力诱发的各向异性,初步验证了模型的有效性。