基于遥感的黄土高原林草植被变化对河川径流的影响分析

从黄土高原不同地貌区降雨产流机制入手,分析了林草植被影响流域水循环的可能环节;利用20世纪70年代以来不同时期的土地利用和植被盖度解译成果,以及同期实测的降雨和径流数据、供用水数据等,引入林草植被覆盖率、径流系数、产洪系数和基流系数等概念,从流域尺度上构建了林草植被覆盖率与河川径流的定量响应关系,结果发现,在半湿润或半干旱的黄土区,径流系数和产洪系数都将随林草植被的改善而减少,气候越干旱、径流或洪量减少越多;与同气候带的黄土区相比,盖沙黄土区林草植被改善所导致的减水量更大。不过,当林草植被覆盖率大于60%后,产洪系数变化减缓;最终河川径流将稳定在大于基流的某阈值附近。     

天山北坡降水对河流水沙情势影响

以天山北坡头屯河流域为例，在对山区不同海拔的降水特征、侵蚀产沙情势以及河流水沙运移特点分析的基础上，详尽就山区降水对河流水沙情势的年际变化、年内变化以及月变化的影响进行了分析研究，并就降水对不同海拔的河流水沙情势的影响强度及相互关系作了探讨．     

Environmental variables related to wheat yields in the semiarid pampa region of Argentina

The current paper analyses various environmental parameters in relation to wheat yields in Bordenave, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The variables used are: precipitation (ppt), maximum (Tx) and minimum temperature (Tmi) as well as those obtained by applying the Palmer model. Decadic and phenological scales are used for data corresponding to the period 1977–2000. The stepwise method is used to obtain a multi-variate equation to calculate yield taking into account environmental variables only. For a five variates model the coefficient of determination, R² equals 95.79% and the standard error of estimation is 129.0 kg ha⁻¹. In the sample yields, the incidence of total variability for thermal variables is 42.7% and for hydrological variables, 53%. The value and sign of the correlation coefficients were analysed throughout the cultivation cycle. The α coefficient is mainly responsible for yield variance during tillering and stem elongation. There is good correlation with the values of Palmer's Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for the flowering and grain filling stages.     

地表水资源与天津粮食产量的宏观分析

分析了１９６３－１９９０年天津粮食产量与地表水资源的关系，同时计算了粮食产量随时间增长的趋势议程及扣除增长趋势的粮食相对产量序列。结果表明，由于天津地势低洼易涝，地表水资源量大于３５亿ｍ＾３的丰水年，粮食减产；而当年地表水资源量在３５亿ｍ＾３以下，前一年地表水资源量大于２０亿ｍ＾３，尤其是前一年为丰水年最有利于粮食增产。还分析了地表水资源对水稻、小麦、玉米等三种主要粮食作物的不同影响，揭示了地表水     

农产物产量预报模式管理应用系统的软件设计

为更加系统有效地开展农作物产量预报工作，研制了《农作物产量预报模式管理咨询应用服务系统》，可将各种类型的已建产量预报模式归入档入库，为用户提供咨询服务并自动实现预报结果输出     

天山北坡天然草场牧草干旱指标研究

通过降水,土壤水分,天然草场产草量之间建立的统计关系,来说明水分供应是影响牧草产量的重要因素,并依据降水和土壤水分与牧草产草量的关系划分出牧草生长中水分供给的正常,干旱等指标。     

Using modified state surface approach to select parameter values in the Barcelona basic model

The Barcelona basic model (BBM) successfully explained many key features of unsaturated soils and received extensive acceptance. It is also one of the few elastoplastic constitutive models for unsaturated soils that have been implemented within finite element codes and applied to the analysis of real boundary value problems. The BBM was proposed in incremental forms according to theories of soil plasticity in which individual aspects of the isotropic virgin behavior are controlled by multiple parameters, whereas at the same time, a single parameter controls more than one aspect of soil behavior. Although a variety of methods have been recently developed for calibrating model parameters for elastoplastic soil models, at present, there are no well‐established, simple, and objective methods for selecting parameter values in the BBM from laboratory tests. This has been one of the major obstacles to the dissemination of this constitutive model beyond the research context. This article presents an optimization approach especially developed for simple and objective identification of material parameters in the BBM. This is achieved by combining a modified state surface approach, recently proposed to model the elastoplastic behavior of unsaturated soils under isotropic stress conditions, with the Newton or quasi‐Newton method to simultaneously determine the five parameters governing isotropic virgin behavior in the BBM. The comparison between results using the proposed method and an existing method for the same laboratory tests was discussed from which the simplicity and objectivity of the proposed method were evaluated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatial Distribution Assessment and Source Apportionment of Land-Based Pollutant Yield from Qingdao,China

The spatial distribution of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total nitrogen(TN) yield from Qingdao are studied by comparing pollutant yield amount, densities and spatial aggregation(Getis-Ord indexes) among the land-based pollutant source regions(PSRs) entering the three sub-seas(i.e. the Jiaozhou Bay(JZB), other coastal area in the Yellow Sea(OCAYS) and Laizhou Bay(LZB), respectively). Industrial composition of the loads are also studied by comparing pollutant yield among the sources of agriculture, rural domesticity, industry, urban domesticity and service, and calculation of Gini coefficient. Results show that spatial distribution of COD and TN yield from Qingdao are extremely unbalanced. The JZB, with less than 3% of the total coastal sea area of Qingdao, received 62% COD load and 65% TN yield from Qingdao, while the OCAYS, with more than 97% area, only received 23% COD and 20% TN, which consist with the much worsen water quality of JZB than that of OCAYS. On the other hand, the source apportionment of COD and TN loads in the PSRs entering JZB and the OCAYS was similar. The agricultural and domestic sources with high pollution intensity account for more than 80%, while the industrial and service sources with low pollution intensity account for less than 20%. While Gini coefficients, COD 0.81 and TN 0.84 which are much higher than the ‘imbalance' threshold of 0.4, show the uneven industrial structure of Qingdao. These results may be useful in the determination of land-based pollution total amount control at the PSR level.     

含水量对高含冰量冻结砂土屈服面的影响

Previous researches on yield properties of frozen soil rarely consider the change of water content. However,water content often changes in practical engineering. So a series of triaxial compressive tests are con⁃ ducted on ice-rich frozen silty sands at -5. 0 ℃ to investigate systemically the effect of water content on yield properties and then to establish a relationship between deviatoric stress and shear strain with change of water con⁃ tent. The experimental results show that with water content changing,there are obvious changes in the stress-strain curves,which show that water content has different influence on hardening law in different ranges of water content. So the concrete form about yield function should be determined according to ranges of plastic shear strain（hardening parameter）and water content to make the yield function simple and accurate. When plastic shear strain is within 1. 00%,deviatoric stress always increases with water content. However,with water con⁃ tent increasing,deviatoric stress firstly decreases and then increases when plastic shear strain is beyond 1. 00%. And water content of 42. 0% can be regard as a turning point. The yield function and the increment type relation between deviatoric stress and shear strain have been established with change of water content by segmented hard⁃ ening principle. The testing results show that experimental values are basically consistent with simulated values. So they can be used to predict yield-surfaces and deviatoric stress-shear strain curves at different water contents. © 2019 Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. All rights reserved.     

不同施氮量对沙地春小麦株穗性状及产量的影响

在内蒙古奈曼旗对沙地春小麦进行了氮肥施量试验。结果表明,不同施氮量(尿素15.0~51.5g·m^-2)对沙地春小麦穗粒数、千粒重、有效小穗数及其百分率、籽粒产量、生物产量的影响具有显著差异,但对成穗数、株高的影响差异不明显。产量水平以施氮量为37.5g·m^-2时最高。