古尔班通古特沙漠灌丛雾凇的生态水文学效应

对生长于古尔班通古特沙漠东南边缘的梭梭和白梭梭两种植物的小枝与灌丛雾凇量进行了观测, 并结合植被调查估算这两种植物对群落雾凇量的贡献量, 探讨群落雾凇量与气象要素之间的关系.研究结果表明: 在小枝水平上, 白梭梭雾凇量是梭梭的1.5倍, 但是在灌丛和群落尺度上, 梭梭却是白梭梭的1.5和3.6倍.小枝粗细及其生长位置、 灌丛形态结构和相对种群密度的差别共同造成两种植物雾淞量不同水平的差异.积雪、 低风速、 逆温和高湿是形成雾凇的最主要原因, 日最高气温(T_ma)与群落雾凇量(Rime)相关性最显著, 它与日最小比湿(q_mi)组成的二元线性方程可以解释Rime 98.50%的变异.在观测期, 当T_ma>-11.48 ℃时, Rime随T_ma的变化率较大, 当T_ma < -11.48 ℃时, Rime随T_ma的变化率较小, 前者是后者的3.59倍.总之, 雾凇能部分补偿雪面蒸发造成的积雪量减少, 间接地保护了浅薄的地表积雪, 是古尔班通古特沙漠冬季极重要的生态水文学过程.     

民勤绿洲边缘带灌丛沙丘防风作用研究

对民勤天然绿洲边缘带的固定、半固定及半流动风速灌丛沙丘实地观测表明,气流通过单个固定灌丛沙丘时,近地面平均风速降低4.4%,在965 m观测样线内降低57%,且风是连续降低的,愈靠近内侧降低得愈多,到绿洲内部农田边缘处时,平均风速仅有对照点的21%。深入了解灌丛沙丘对绿洲的防护机理,对于合理保护和恢复绿洲边缘带灌丛沙丘,避免绿洲遭受风沙侵袭具有重要意义。     

基于低空无人机的草原灌丛遥感辨识方法

以位于中国科学院内蒙古草原生态研究定位站灌丛化样地实验平台为研究区,基于低空无人机遥感影像,结合实地调查,开展草原灌丛遥感辨识方法研究。通过对灌丛、草地和裸地归一化植被指数（NDVI）的方差统计分析,确定了裸地与植被的分割阈值为-0.08,并使用该阈值提取植被覆盖区,然后分别利用面向对象的决策树（DT）、贝叶斯（Bayes）、K最邻近（KNN）、支持向量机（SVM）机器学习分类器进行灌丛辨识。研究表明：借助Estimation of Scale Parameter（ESP）最优分割尺度评价工具可以快速确定分割参数,获取灌丛、草地影像对象;利用特征空间优化工具选取了18个的对象特征,可以有效避免盲目选择而导致的计算量增大;通过对不同分类器分类结果的对比和样本数量敏感性实验得出：Bayes分类器精度稳定、无需设置参数,灌丛分类精度最高,总体精度和Kappa系数分别达到92%和0.83,结果与影像地物嵌合最好,能够精确识别单株灌丛;根据Bayes分类器分类结果统计得研究区灌丛盖度为14.74%,平均冠幅为0.6 m²,与样方调查结果基本一致。由于4种分类器的算法特征以及对训练样本数量的敏感性各不相同,因此选择合适的分类器还需根据具体影像的地物特征、空间分辨率和研究区范围来确定。     

西鄂尔多斯地区5种荒漠优势灌丛生物量分配格局及预测模型

以西鄂尔多斯地区5种荒漠优势灌丛（沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mogolicus）、四合木（Tetraena mongolica）、霸王（Zygophyllum xanthoxylum）、红砂（Reaumuria songarica）、半日花（Helianthemum songaricum））为研究对象,采用平均标准灌丛全部收获法测定灌丛各营养器官（枝条、叶片、根系）生物量,并分别以丛高（H）和冠幅（C）的复合因子（CH）及基径（D）和丛高（H）的复合因子（D²H）为自变量建立单株灌丛生物量预测模型。通过决定系数（R²）、估计值的标准误差（SEE）和F检验显著水平筛选出各灌丛种最佳生物量预测模型。结果表明：（1）5种荒漠灌丛单株总生物量干鲜比差异性显著（P<0.05）,各营养器官间差异性也达到显著水平（P<0.05）;灌丛根冠比种间差异显著（P<0.05）,红砂（1.05）> 霸王（1.01）> 半日花（0.92）> 沙冬青（0.90）> 四合木（0.49）;（2）根系和枝条是荒漠灌丛生物量的主要贡献者,其生物量占灌丛总生物量比例之和均在80%以上,根系生物量分配随根系径级的增加而增加;（3）5种荒漠优势灌丛单株灌丛生物量预测模型R²值均在0.85以上,且在0.05水平上显著,生物量模型预测精度较高。     

灌丛对沙质草地土壤结皮形成发育的影响及其作用机制

为了了解灌丛对沙地土壤结皮的影响及其作用机制, 2006—2007年在科尔沁沙地调查了灌丛群落土壤结皮的发育特征, 并进行了田间模拟降尘、添加凋落物和结皮生物接种的试验。结果如下:①大气降尘、凋落物和微生物接种均可明显促进沙地土壤结皮的形成;②湿润、遮荫环境要比干旱、光照环境更有利于沙地土壤结皮的形成,但土壤结皮形成和发育对水分的敏感程度要大于对光照的敏感程度;③灌丛的存在对于流动沙地土壤结皮的形成发育具有明显的促进作用,沙地栽植灌木后通常会产生肥岛效应,在冠层下逐步形成结皮,并由灌丛内向外扩散;④灌丛促进沙地土壤结皮发育的主要机制是灌丛具有降风滞尘、拦截凋落物、遮荫保湿的功能,能使土壤黏粉粒、有机质、土壤养分和水分含量明显增加,为结皮的形成发育创造了良好物质条件和环境条件。     

干旱半干旱地区草原灌丛荒漠化及其 生物地球化学循环

干旱和半干旱地区草地生态系统木本植物入侵及其导致的草原灌丛化已经成为全球范 围普遍发生的现象, 是草地沙化和荒漠化的一个重要标志。干旱生态系统中, 此种类型的植被变 化将对区域和全球生物地球化学循环产生显著影响。过度放牧、区域气候干旱化和自然火过程是 导致灌丛入侵和发展的主要控制因子。草原灌丛化过程中, 草地生态系统分布较为均匀的土壤养 分及相关元素在水平和垂直方向发生分异, 关键生命元素C、N、P 、S 生物地球化学循环的变化 将对全球气候变化产生显著作用。全球气候变化与草原灌丛荒漠化之间存在潜在的反馈机制, 人 类扰动的影响将使这种反馈作用变得更加迅速和灵敏。     

章古台固沙造林技术与效益评价

章古台从1955年开始引种樟子松进行育苗造林试验,至60年代初期引种造林成功后,又于70年代后期在内蒙古敖汉旗扩大引种造林,获得成功。近年樟子松人工林出现了生长减缓现象,主要是由于造林选地不适和经营不善所引起的。樟子松扩大引种造林的技术关键是采取乔灌草型,等宽隔带式造林模式,降水量不低于300~350mm,土壤含水率不低于2.0%~2.5%。土壤类型为生草风沙土、栗钙土型风沙土和黑土型风沙土,pH值为6.8~8.3。造林时间比正常拖后至4月8日~20日之间,2a生苗造林深度以25~35cm为宜,苗木根长以25cm左右为佳,苗木运输前应沾泥浆进行包装。植苗时放在苗木罐中以防根系风干,剔除不合格苗木,造林时铲除干土层或干草皮。对松树幼株进行埋土越冬处理。     

A shrub bending model to calculate the albedo of shrub‐tundra

At high latitudes, the albedo and energy budget of shrub‐tundra landscapes is determined by the relationship between the fractional snow cover and the fraction of vegetation protruding above the snowpack. The exposed vegetation fraction is affected by the bending and/or burial of shrubs in winter and their spring‐up during melt. Little is known about the meteorological conditions and snowpack and shrub properties required to cause bending, and few quantitative measurements of bending processes exist. Here, a model combining the few, mostly qualitative, observations available with a biomechanical model representing branches as cantilevers is proposed to provide a first approximation of bending mechanisms. The exposed vegetation fraction is then calculated using structural parameters of shrubs measured at two sites in Canada: the Granger Basin in the Yukon Territory and Trail Valley Creek in the Northwest Territories. The exposed vegetation fraction is in turn used to calculate albedo, which is evaluated against measurements at the two sites. The model considerably improves modelled albedo compared to a model which only buries but does not bend shrubs at TVC, where shrubs become completely buried. However, the model overestimates albedo at GB where only a few shrubs get buried. The bending model is then used to calculate a compression factor for use in a simple parameterization of the exposed vegetation fraction proposed by previous investigators. The parameterization, which is simpler and computationally less expensive than the full model, is evaluated and found to perform well. Despite the need for further developments, the model provides a first approximation of bending processes and contributes to the identification of measurements that are needed in order to improve the model and our understanding of the bending of shrubs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The comparative influence of past management and rainfall on range herbaceous standing crop in east-central Argentina: 14 years of observations

Impacts of six initial treatments and rainfall on maximum above-ground herbaceous standing crop were assessed in 1978 and annually from 1984 to 1992 in rangelands of east-central semi-arid Argentina. Treatments applied in 1977–1978 were: (1) untreated control; (2) burning; (3) herbicide application (shrub control); (4) Old Field 1 or (5) Old Field 2 (areas previously exposed to different degrees of mechanical soil disturbance for 25 years); and (6) overgrazing. Domestic herbivores were excluded thereafter from all treatments until 1993.During 1984–1992, total above-ground herbaceous standing crop often remained greater in both Old Fields than in the other treatments; highest mean values were 2336 and 1640 kg ha⁻¹for Old Field 1 and Old Field 2 treatments, respectively. Lowest total above-ground standing crops in all treatments (M = 296–475 kg ha⁻¹) occurred in 1989, the year with the lowest annual rainfall (257·5 mm). Desirable perennial grasses contributed most (44–100%) to total herbaceous standing crop in all treatments during the study period. Most of this standing crop was made up of the cool-season grassesPiptochaetium napostaense, Poa ligularis, Stipa clarazii, S. papposaandS. tenuis. Annual rainfall was closely related (p< 0·05) to total herbaceous and desirable perennial grass standing crops in most treatments, and accounted for most of the variation in herbage production between years.