塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘柽柳冠下枯枝落叶沉积特征

柽柳是分布广泛的耐盐耐旱植物,温带干旱区重要物种。观测证明柽柳冠下有机凋落物的沉积作用是显著的,具有有机碳沉积埋藏的重要意义。有机质凋落沉积量与柽柳当年生长量关系不密切,但受当地水分条件、气温变化和风沙作用影响显著。在策勒绿洲前缘,柽柳冠下有机质凋落物年沉积量达到400g/m2。当多枝柽柳冠丛受到损伤或生长受到胁迫时,沉积明显增加,年生长量与凋落量之比(回归量)﹥40%; 在时间序列上,有机凋落物与无机碎屑的主要沉积过程是明显分开的,有机凋落物沉积主要发生在冬季,占年沉积量的75%以上,而同期无机碎屑沉积量不足5%。沉积交替过程对有机凋落物形成了良好的埋藏保存作用; 在空间范围上,有机凋落物并不是在冠下均匀或对称分布的。在风的影响下,冠丛下风侧有机凋落物被显著集中。冠丛丘的顶部只是无机碎屑的沉积中心区而并非有机凋落物。     

不同放牧方式对岩溶区土壤养分的影响——以广西桂林岩溶区实验基地为例

根据实验数据,探讨了不同放牧方式对岩溶区土壤的肥力、微量元素含量、水涵养性等的影响。结果表明,在正常放牧的情况下,能迅速提高牧草区土壤的养分和水的涵养性,减少水土流失,灌木种植初期不宜进行放牧;而在人为破坏和过度放牧的情况下,可在短期内导致岩溶区生态环境向着恶化的方向演替,土壤养分的各项指标下降到甚至低于未修复前的状态。     

Transpiration from three dominant shrub species in a desert‐oasis ecotone of arid regions of Northwestern China

Conservation management for the water dependent desert‐oasis ecotone in arid northwest China requires information on the water use of the dominant species. However, no studies have quantified their combined water use or linked species composition to ecotone transpiration. Here, the water use of three dominant shelterbelt shrubs (Haloxylon ammodendron, Nitraria tangutorum, and Calligonum mongolicum) within an ecotone was measured throughout the full leaf‐out period for three shrub species from 30 May to 16 October 2014, with sap flow gauges using the stem heat balance approach. Species‐specific transpiration was estimated by scaling up sap flow velocities measured in individual stems, to stand area level, using the frequency distribution of stem diameter and assuming a constant proportionality between sap flow velocity and basal cross‐sectional area for all stems. The mean peak sap flux densities (J_sn) for H. ammodendron, N. tangutorum, and C. mongolicum, were 40.12 g cm^?2 h^?1, 71.33 g cm^?2 h^?1, and 60.34 g cm^?2 h^?1, respectively, and the mean estimated daily area‐averaged transpiration rates (T_daily) for the same species were 0.56 mm day^?1, 0.34 mm day^?1, and 0.11 mm day^?1. The accumulative stand transpiration was approximately 140.8 mm throughout the measurement period, exceeding precipitation by as much as 42.1 mm. Furthermore, T_daily of these shrubs appeared to be much less sensitive to soil moisture as compared to atmospheric drivers, and the relationship between J_sn and atmospheric drivers was likely uninfluenced by soil moisture regimes in the whole profile (to 1‐m depth), especially for H. ammodendron and C. mongolicum. Results indicate that these shrubs may use deep soil water recharged by capillary rise, or may directly access shallow groundwater. This study provides quantitative data offering important implications for ecotone conservation and water and land resource management. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

喀斯特地区不同坡位条件下优势灌木根际与非根际土壤养分与pH的分布特征

对广西喀斯特地区2种优势灌丛植物子凌蒲桃与火棘在不同坡位条件下根际与非根际土壤养分与pH值的分布特征进行研究,揭示植物种类及其立地条件对植物根际养分与pH值分布特征的影响。结果表明,2种植物根际养分存在一定程度的富集现象,其中,火棘根际有机碳与速效磷含量富集明显,子凌蒲桃根际有机碳与全氮含量富集明显;根际与非根际土壤养分含量在不同坡位下存在显著性差异（p<0.05）;根际土壤有机碳含量与全氮含量呈显著正相关（p<0.05）,与速效磷含量呈显著负相关（p<0.05）;非根际土壤有机碳含量与速效磷、全氮含量呈显著正相关（p<0.05）。双因素方差分析显示,与植物种类相比,坡位对根际土壤养分含量影响更大。以上的研究表明,喀斯特灌丛优势植物有利于提高该地区土壤养分利用,但应该考虑植物立地条件对根际养分利用的影响。      

Factors controlling the spatial variability of surface soil moisture within revegetated‐stabilized desert ecosystems of the Tengger Desert,Northern China

The spatial structure of surface soil moisture was investigated at a grid scale with 10 × 10 m intervals on a plot of 4500 m² in a re‐vegetated desert area in Shapotou, the Tengger Desert. The site topography varies from dune crest to dune hollow, and again to dune crest. Volumetric soil moisture contents were measured 21 times over 6 months in 2006 by using Delta‐T Theta‐Probes in the 0–6 cm surface soil layer before and after rainfall. At the same time, soil texture, relative elevation, and plant coverage were measured, to examine (i) the spatial variability of surface soil moisture; (ii) the main factors controlling the spatial variability patterns; and (iii) how the importance of these factors varies with the seasonal variations in soil moisture content. The results indicated that the normal distribution of surface soil moisture was more obvious in wet conditions than in dry conditions; the spatial variability of surface soil moisture was inherent and decreased with increased soil moisture content; and precipitation increased the spatial dependence of surface soil moisture. The relative elevation of the landscape, the shrub coverage of the community, and the soil texture were the main factors influencing surface soil moisture variability, while the effect of soil texture strengthened gradually following the heavy precipitation events. The correlation between the spatial variability of surface soil moisture and the environmental factors, such as, the dry and wet conditions, the landscape coverage and the relative elevation suggests that increasing stability of the soil moisture resulted in a significant increase of soil moisture. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青海玉树地区主要灌丛类型地上生物量及其影响因素

以青海玉树地区主要灌丛鲜卑花群系、百里香杜鹃群系、细枝绣线菊群系和山生柳群系为研究对象,采用样方收获法研究其地上生物量分配特征。结果表明:5种类型的灌丛地上生物量在21.6~34.33 t/hm2之间,地上生物量最大的是细枝绣线菊群系,最小的是金露梅群系,5种灌丛群落地上生物量平均是29.64 t/hm2,不同层次生物量大小顺序是:灌木层草本层凋落物层,各自生物量占地上生物量的比例分别是73.35%、14.27%、12.35%。5种灌丛类型建群种生物量大小依次是:细枝绣线菊群系金露梅群系百里香杜鹃群系鲜卑花群系山生柳群系。影响玉树地区灌丛地上生物量的主要因素是海拔、群落盖度、灌丛高度及放牧。灌丛地上生物量随着海拔的上升而下降,随着群落盖度和灌木高度的增加而增加。放牧对灌木地上生物量的影响机制尚不明确。     

The effects of the identity of shrub species on the distribution and diversity of ground arthropods in a sandy desert ecosystem of northwestern China

Shrub is an important factor on structuring ground arthropod communities in desert ecosystems. In this study, in order to determine how shrubs and their species influence ground arthropod distribution patterns in a sandy desert scrubland dominated by two different shrub species, Calligonum mongolicum and Nitraria sphaerocarpa, the ground arthropods were sampled with pitfall traps during spring, summer and autumn. At the community level, total arthropod abundance was shown to be significantly higher under shrubs than in intershrub bare areas in spring; similar patterns occurred in terms of the richness of arthropod groups in the spring and over three seasons, suggesting season-specific shrub presence effects on arthropod activity. In addition, more arthropods were found under N. sphaerocarpa shrubs than under C. rnongolicum shrubs in autumn, suggesting season-specific effects of shrub species of arthropod activity, whereas more arthropods taxa were captured under C. mongoIicum than N. sphaerocarpa. At the trophic group level, the abundances of predator and herbivore arthropods were significantly greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats, whereas herbivore arthropods were more abundant under N. sphaerocarpa than C. rnongolicum, and an opposite rule was detected for predator arthropods At the family level, the mean abundances of Carabidae, Curculionidae, Gnaphosidae and Lycosidae were significantly higher in the shrub microhabitats than in the intershrub bare habitat, there was no significant difference between habitats on the mean abundances of Formicidae and Tenebrionidae. The study results suggested that shrub presence and shrub species variation are important determinants of ground arthropod assemblages in this desert ecosystem, but the responses of ar- thropods differed among trophic and taxonomic groups.     

基于遥感数据的内蒙古草原灌丛物候变化研究

植被物候研究是全球气候变化研究的重要内容,但国际上有关干旱半干旱区灌丛物候变化的研究还很缺乏。为了探讨气候变化对内蒙古草原灌丛物候的影响,利用2000~2011年的MODIS EVI时间序列影像,采用动态阈值法得到6种灌丛12 a物候年际变化情况,结合样点附近气象站的气温和降水数据,分析了灌丛物候与气候变化的动态关系。结果表明：（1）内蒙古中西部草原灌丛返青期、枯黄期都呈现提前的趋势,生长季长度缩短;（2）春季均温升高和前一年秋冬降水增加可以提前灌丛返青期,是影响返青期的主要因素;（3）秋季降水减少和夏秋均温上升都利于枯黄期提前,夏季降水的作用则因灌丛种类不同而略有差异;（4）夏秋均温上升缩短了生长季长度,夏秋降水量、春季均温则多与生长季长度呈正相关。     

Characterizing CO2 fluxes for growing and non-growing seasons in a shrub ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

To assess carbon budget for shrub ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, CO2flux was measured with an open-path eddy covariance system for an alpine shrub ecosystem during growing and non-growing seasons. CO2 flux dynamics was distinct between the two seasons. During the growing season from May to September, the ecosystem exhibited net CO2uptake from 08:00 to 19:00 (Beijing Standard Time), but net CO2 emission from 19:00 to 08:00.Maximum CO2 uptake appeared around 12:00 with values of 0.71, 1.19, 1.46 and 0.67 g CO2m-2 h-1 for June, July, August and September, respectively. Diurnal fluctuation of CO2 flux showed higher correlation with photosynthetic photon flux density than temperature. The maximum net CO2 influx occurred in August with a value of 247 g CO2 m-2. The total CO2 uptake by the ecosystem was up to 583 g CO2 m-2 for the growing season. During the non-growing season from January to April and from October to December, CO2 flux showed small fluctuation with the largest net CO2 efflux of 0.30 g CO2 m-2 h-1 in April. The diurnal CO2 flux was close to zero during most time of the day, but showed a small net CO2 efflux from 11:00 to 18:00. Diurnal CO2 flux, is significantly correlated to diurnal temperature in the non-growing season. The maximum monthly net CO2 efflux appeared in April, with a value of 105 g CO2 m-2. The total net CO2 efflux for the whole non-growing season was 356 g CO2 m-2.     

The role of facilitation in seedling recruitment and survival patterns, in the Strandveld Succulent Karoo, South Africa

Several studies in arid ecosystems have demonstrated that seedling establishment and survival were greater underneath the canopies of shrubs than in the open spaces between shrubs. These results led to the formulation of the hypothesis that seedling recruitment and survival were dependent on the shelter provided by shrub species (nurse-plant hypothesis). Seedling emergence and survival beneath and between the canopies of selected perennial shrub species were investigated at five localities in the Strandveld Succulent Karoo, each dominated by a different shrub species. Seedling emergence and survival were also examined at three localities dominated by annual species. In general, species richness and seedling densities were significantly higher in open areas than underneath shrubs, while seedling survival percentages did not differ significantly between microsites. Therefore, no evidence could be found to support the hypothesis that seedling recruitment and survival were facilitated by the presence of shrub species. Although most species will be able to establish in the absence of shrubs, the presence of woody species may have other advantages when restoring vegetation in mined areas.