近地表隐伏断层地震波场响应特征与初至波成像应用研究

近地表隐伏断层直接影响工程安全施工。通过构建浅覆盖层下方陡立界面断层数值模型,分析近地表隐伏断层地震波场的传播与转换规律。通过工程实测数据验证了数值模拟波场响应特征的可靠性,并利用初至波走时层析成像技术对地下介质波速进行成像。研究结果表明：(1)初至波转换形成的断点绕射波具有1频率升高、速度突变的特点,可清晰指示测区内断裂带的存在,可作为现场数据采集时断层的直观反映;(2)工程实测中通过原始波形到时、频率信息可初步判断断层的存在,基于射线追踪的初至波层析成像结果与后期钻孔揭露情况基本吻合,说明初至波层析成像在浅层地震勘探中的实用性;(3)接收测线排列内布设震源的方式,两侧震源延拓距离短,无需额外为震源激发提供场地,在工程施工中具有经济、快速、高效的特点,可作为野外复杂地表条件地下浅层结构探测的有效观测系统使用。     

Anomalous hydrogen emissions from the San Andreas fault observed at the Cienega Winery,central California

We began continuous monitoring of H₂ concentration in soil along the San Andreas and Calaveras faults in central California in December 1980, using small H₂/O₂ fuel-cell sensors. Ten monitoring stations deployed to date have shown that anomalous H₂ emissions take place occasionally in addition to diurnal changes. Among the ten sites, the Cienega Winery site has produced data that are characterized by very small diurnal changes, a stable baseline, and remarkably distinct spike-like H₂ anomalies since its installation in July 1982. A major peak appeared on 1–10 November 1982, and another on 3 April 1983, and a medium peak on 1 November 1983. The occurrences of these peaks coincided with periods of very low seismicity within a radius of 50 km from the site. In order to methodically assess how these peaks are related to earthquakes, three H₂ degassing models were examined. A plausible correlational pattern was obtained by using a model that (1) adopts a hemicircular spreading pattern of H₂ along an incipient fracture plane from the hypocenter of an earthquake, (2) relies on the FeO–H₂O reaction for H₂ generation, and (3) relates the accumulated amount of H₂ to the mass of serpentinization of underlying ophiolitic rocks; the mass was tentatively assumed to be proportional to the seismic energy of the earthquake.     

激光雷达测量技术在地学中的若干应用

对激光雷达测量技术在全球冰川监测、局部断裂带提取、滑坡监测和稳定性评价以及海岸线提取和海岸侵蚀等方面的应用做了较为全面的综述.作为一种新型的对地观测手段,激光雷达(含星载、机载、车载和地面)的应用已经从传统的测绘扩大到包括文物保护在内的诸多其他应用领域.所综述的激光雷达技术在地学研究中的4个应用方面,是传统地学研究中与全球变化和人居环境最为密切的方向.分析表明,激光雷达技术在这些研究方向中的应用大有作为.      

斑岩Cu-(Mo-Au)矿床的成矿构造环境及勘查意义

斑岩矿床是重要的矿床勘查目标。斑岩矿床的成矿构造环境研究有助于确定斑岩矿床的战略勘查方向。斑岩矿床形成的成矿构造环境包括板块汇聚边缘、大陆转换板块边界、陆内造山环境和非造山环境。本文重点对斑岩矿床在汇聚边缘和大陆转换板块边界的成矿构造环境及其勘查意义进行初步总结。构造变化对斑岩矿床的形成起到触发作用。微弱和中等程度的转换挤压应力最有利于岩浆的集聚、上升和就位。岩浆侵入可以是在广阔的转换挤压断层带内或在其周围局部呈引张的地区集中出现。对于斑岩矿床战略勘查方向而言,应注意研究区域走滑断层与侵入体的关系,加强对地表浅部喷气蚀变的识别。在我国西南地区已勘查发现的5个斑岩成矿带中,应注意沿区域走滑断裂构造方向开展找矿。从成矿构造环境与哀牢山-红河构造带对比来看,鲜水河-小江断裂带可能是西南地区新的斑岩矿床勘查区。     

THE LATE QUATERNARY RIGHT LATERAL STRIKE-SLIPPING OF ZHONGDIAN—DAJU FAULT IN NORTHWEST YUNNAN, CHINA

THE LATE QUATERNARY RIGHT LATERAL STRIKE-SLIPPING OF ZHONGDIAN—DAJU FAULT IN NORTHWEST YUNNAN, CHINAthesubject“TherecentdisplacementandDynamicsoflithosphereintheQinghai XizangPlateau”ofnation alclimbingproject“Therecentdisp     

广州市城区地震地质灾害探讨

根据国内外强震作用下出现的地震地质灾害的背景条件,结合广州城区的地震地质环境,探讨了广州市城区在未来强震作用下可能出现的地震地质灾害类型和空间分布特征。     

中尺度自动气象站故障维护与分析

针对中尺度自动气象站的构成以及出现的故障现象、故障原因等进行分析,提出故障维护的具体方法与措施,以提高中尺度自动气象设备运行能力。     

Geomechanical modelling to assess fault integrity at the CO2CRC Otway Project,Australia

This paper presents the first published 3D geomechanical modelling study of the CO2CRC Otway Project, located in the state of Victoria, Australia. The results of this work contribute to one of the main objectives of the CO2CRC, which is to demonstrate the feasibility of CO₂ storage in a depleted gas reservoir. With this aim in mind, a one-way coupled flow and geomechanics model is presented, with the capability of predicting changes to the in situ stress field caused by changes in reservoir pressure owing to CO₂ production and injection. A parametric study investigating the pore pressures required to reactivate key, reservoir-bounding faults has been conducted, and the results from the numerical simulation and analytical analysis are compared. The numerical simulation indicates that the critical pore fluid pressure to cause fault reactivation is 1.15 times the original pressure as opposed to 1.5 times for the comparable analytical model. Possible reasons for the differences between the numerical and analytical models can be ascribed to the higher degree of complexity incorporated in the numerical model. Heterogeneity in terms of lateral variations of hydrological and mechanical parameters, effect of topography, presence of faults and interaction between cells are considered to be the main sources for the different estimation of critical pore pressure. The numerical model, which incorporates this greater complexity, is able then to better describe the state of stress that acts in the subsurface compared with a simple 1D analytical model. Moreover, the reactivation pressures depend mainly on the state of stress described; therefore we suggest that numerical models be performed when possible.     

大庆油田朝长地区扶余油层断层封闭性及其演化

使用Allan图法、泥岩涂抹因子法和断层泥比率法对大庆油田朝长地区扶余油层8条断层的侧向封闭性进行了研究,使用断面正压力结合泥岩塑性变形强度极限的方法对其垂向封闭性进行了研究,分别确定各断层在嫩江期末、明水期末和现今3个时期的侧向封闭性和垂向封闭性。嫩江期末除6号断层外其他断层均开启,便于青山口组烃源岩排出油气的充注,6号断层附近区域因其封闭而缺乏油源;明水期末断层开始封闭;到现今时期,除5号断层外其他断层均封闭,能够对已形成油藏提供很好的阻挡。5号断层3个时期对油气都缺乏有效阻挡,基本只起到了通道的作用。     

用跨断层形变资料分析鲜水河断裂西北段的运动特征

本文利用主成分分析、震间位错反演和小波技术分析了鲜水河断裂西北段的跨断层形变资料(1986—2013).结果表明:以左旋走滑为主的断层长期运动为跨断层资料的主要信息,且符合负指数函数的运动规律,随着断层深度的增加,滑动量逐渐减弱.从炉霍段、道孚段到乾宁段,断层闭锁程度逐渐增强.2001年昆仑山M8.1地震发生后,鲜水河断裂西北段地壳浅层(地表以下30 km)的左旋走滑明显减弱,到2013年的累积减弱量为3~13 mm.5·12汶川M8.0地震发生前,断层滑动出现周期4~5年的增强信号.4·20芦山M7.0地震发生前,断层滑动首先出现低频信号(4~5年周期)增强,随着地震发生临近,强信号频率逐渐升高,直到出现周期为1年的强信号.