New Tricks with Old Maps: Urban Landscape Change,GIS, and Historic Preservation in the Less Developed World

This article presents a methodology for a more detailed investigation of urban landscape change in rapidly growing cities of the less developed world beyond typical macrolevel approaches. This research is an attempt to bridge the gap between traditional landscape analysis and geographic information science (GIS). The article presents the preliminary results from a pilot project in Zamalek, Egypt, highlighting the benefits and drawbacks of the two techniques. Rarely used to study the less developed world, these techniques are utilized to assess change within a portion of Cairo's urban landscape. Large‐scale historic maps and high‐resolution satellite imagery, combined with field attribute collection, are the major data sources in this applied landscape analysis. A motivating factor in the desire to examine landscape change at such a large scale is the need to create monitoring systems for historic preservation in cities of the less developed world.     

1994年世界气候概况

１９９４年，世界气候普遍偏暖。欧亚大陆中南部，北美大陆西部、南美阿根延中北部、非洲西北部、大洋洲澳大利亚西南部和太平洋岛屿一些国家和地区的许多测站年平均气温大多比常年偏高０．５－１．０℃，部分地区偏高２．０℃。北半球中纬度地区夏季因副热带高压异常偏强、位置异常偏北，高温热浪席卷了东亚，欧洲至北美大陆的大片地区。日本、韩国、中国、波兰、德国、丹麦等国若干测站盛夏高温为近几十年乃至上百年一遇。年内，全     

超大型矿床的探寻与研究的若干进展

本文主要讨论最近两年国内外探寻与研究超大型矿床所取得的若干进展。内容涉及：超大型矿床与类似名词定义、典型剖析、超大型矿床分类、矿化类型、全球背景研究等问题。在简要介绍国内外超大型矿床研究现状后，文中提出，结合我国矿产地质实际，宜以１９８７年国家储量委员会规定之大型矿床５倍储量为超大型矿床下限。超大型矿床可暂分三类：第一类之同类型大、中、小型矿分布甚广；第二类则反之，同类型矿床极罕见；第三类为过渡类型。笔者指出，不少有色金属在超大型矿床的矿化类型上有强烈选择性，即某一矿种虽可存在多种矿化类型，但一般仅一、二种类型可形成超大型矿床。提出这一点对寻找超大型矿床十分重要。文中举出若干实例，论证对某些超大型矿床进行全球背景研究之必要及超大型矿床研究可提高成矿理论水平。     

Protecting the national parks and the world heritage sites in China: challenge and strategy

About 70% of its land area as mountains and plateaus, China is the largest mountain country in the world. Thanks to its vast territory (9.6 million km²), outstanding relief and varied climates, China boasts extremely plenty of ecosystems and landscapes. From south to north, it traverses almost all the temporal zones from tropical rainforest in the southernmost to frigid-temperate needle-leaved forest in the northernmost; from east to west, it sees a gradual transition fro humid forest landscape to extremely arid desert landscape; vertical change of landscapes is most striking owing to the existence of many high mountains (above 6000–7000 m, e.g., the Himalayas, the Kunlun, the Tianshan, the Hengduan, etc.) and plateaus, especially the immense Tibetan Plateau (averagely 4500 m above sea level). All of this give rise to the richness and diversity of ecosystems and landscape in China. Some of the ecosystems are endemic to China, e.g., alpine desert and alpine steppe in the Tibetan Plateau. As a result, China bears a great responsibility in the protection of global ecosystems and landscape.     

Deep Natural Gas Resources

From a geological perspective, deep natural gas resources generally are defined as occurring in reservoirs below 15,000 feet, whereas ultradeep gas occurs below 25,000 feet. From an operational point of view, deep may be thought of in a relative sense based on the geologic and engineering knowledge of gas (and oil) resources in a particular area. Deep gas occurs in either conventionally trapped or unconventional (continuous-type) basin-center accumulations that are essentially large single fields having spatial dimensions often exceeding those of conventional fields.Exploration for deep conventional and continuous-type basin-center natural gas resources deserves special attention because these resources are widespread and occur in diverse geologic environments. In 1995, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated that 939 TCF of technically recoverable natural gas remained to be discovered or was part of reserve appreciation from known fields in the onshore areas and state waters of the United States. Of this USGS resource, nearly 114 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of technically recoverable gas remains to be discovered from deep sedimentary basins. Worldwide estimates of deep gas also are high. The U.S. Geological Survey World Petroleum Assessment 2000 Project recently estimated a world undiscovered conventional gas resource outside the U.S. of 844 Tcf below 4.5 km (about 15,000 feet).Less is known about the origins of deep gas than about the origins of gas at shallower depths because fewer wells have been drilled into the deeper portions of many basins. Some of the many factors contributing to the origin and accumulation of deep gas include the initial concentration of organic matter, the thermal stability of methane, the role of minerals, water, and nonhydrocarbon gases in natural gas generation, porosity loss with increasing depth and thermal maturity, the kinetics of deep gas generation, thermal cracking of oil to gas, and source rock potential based on thermal maturity and kerogen type. Recent experimental simulations using laboratory pyrolysis methods have provided much information on the origins of deep gas.Technologic problems are among the greatest challenges to deep drilling. Problems associated with overcoming hostile drilling environments (e.g. high temperatures and pressures, and acid gases such as CO₂ and H₂S) for successful well completion, present the greatest obstacles to drilling, evaluating, and developing deep gas fields. Even though the overall success ratio for deep wells (producing below 15,000 feet) is about 25%, a lack of geological and geophysical information continues to be a major barrier to deep gas exploration.Results of recent finding-cost studies by depth interval for the onshore U.S. indicate that, on average, deep wells cost nearly 10 times more to drill than shallow wells, but well costs and gas recoveries differ widely among different gas plays in different basins.Based on an analysis of natural gas assessments, deep gas holds significant promise for future exploration and development. Both basin-center and conventional gas plays could contain significant deep undiscovered technically recoverable gas resources.     

Availability of Bauxite Reserves

Based upon a large database, this paper analyzes the record of bauxite mine production, exploration success, and resource depletion and evaluates the availability of bauxite reserves in the near future. The record clearly shows that for the past 50 years world bauxite production rose by an annual increase of over 5% while per capita consumption rose during the same period by about 4%. Time trends of the world bauxite reserve life index (RLI); that is, known world reserves of a given year divided by world production of the same year, are episodic and seem to follow bauxite price cycles. The present-day RLI indicates adequate bauxite supply for about 180 years and is the same as it was in 1950. However, if an annual growth rate of 5% is considered, the currently known reserves will be exhausted within the next 20 years and the reserve base will be adequate for not more than 25 years. This scenario is based, of course, on the unrealistic assumption that future exploration efforts fail to discover additional reserves. Evaluation of the quality, in terms of bauxite signatures, and quantity of presently known bauxite prospects that may be mined in future suggests that there is sufficient potential for adequate bauxite supply for the next 20 to 25 years at least. Bauxite signatures cover a wide range of values that allows selection of the most favorable bauxite prospects for future mining, both in economic as well as environmental terms. Although, there is the general believe that the world abundance of bauxite resources will ensure sufficient supply to meet future demands significant additional reserves have to be discovered if exponential growth rates continue. As the question of future bauxite supply is subject to economic and geologic principles one has to take into consideration that increasing exploration maturity in many mineral provinces will make it difficult to locate additional bauxite reserves and that decreasing real commodity prices will influence the level of investment in bauxite exploration.     

CHINA: A COUNTRY OF THE THIRD WORLD OR THE THIRD GREAT POWER?

l.TheRapidEcono1ulcDevelopmentofCho1aSinceeconoAncreformandopen-doorpolicy,Cltinahasgrownrapidly.GDPinl993is3.4tilllesasmuChasti1atinl978.Annualgrowtlrateis9.2percent.li1ti1isresped,itisworthwniletostudyWhereChinaislocatedinti1eecononticltistoryoftheworld,andwhatthetrendofcurrentdeveoPmentwillChangeinto.Indevelopedcountriesofh1eWest,whentherateofecononhcdevelopmotwasthelligheSt,itwasnotltigherti1anthatofCltina'seconol11icdevelopmentafterreforl11andopen-doorpolicy.U.K.,forexample,Whichh…     

矢量图形与主数据库无缝连接万维网地理信息系统的设计和实现

首先介绍了万维网地理信息系统、Ｊａｖａ和ＪＤＢＣ，讨论了目前万维网地理信息系统的设计和实现方法以及存在的问题，提出了矢量图形与主数据库无缝连接模型，并使用Ｊａｖａ和ＪＤＢＣ设计实现了万维网地理信息系统软件，使客户在客户端实现放大、缩小、漫游、查询、统计和分析等地理空间分析功能。     

服务“一带一路”的世界地理课程思政“金字塔”教学模式

实施课程思政是实现立德树人根本任务的重要途径。随着课程思政改革的深入推进,传统的教学模式在部分教学环节出现了“失效”的现象,亟需一套新的教学模式以适应课程思政改革的要求。世界地理是地理学专业的核心课程,全球百年变局、“一带一路”倡议、课程思政改革等多重背景为世界地理教学提供了新的契机,同时也赋予了新的使命。为此,融合多种国内外先进教学模式,构建了服务“一带一路”的世界地理课程思政“金字塔”教学新模式。提出以服务“一带一路”建设为教学宗旨;奉行教学与科研融合,理论与实践并重的教学理念;以知识、能力和思政的综合达成为教学目标;着力实施理论课程群体化、教学资源多样化、教学内容时代化和教学手段多元化四大建设举措。以期更好地培养具有“世界眼光、家国情怀、专业素养”的卓越拔尖人才,为服务“一带一路”倡议建设提供人才智力保障。