湖北新洲阳逻镇硅化木研究

作者研究了我国首次在湖北阳逻地区发现的两种硅化木:一种为芸香科吴茱萸Euadia rutaecarpa(Juss.) Benth.,另一种为松科长苞铁杉Tsuga,lngibraceata Cheng。这些木化石的发现为长江中下游地区古气候、古环境、生物群演变,大别山南麓新生代地层时代的归属等问题研究,提供了新的科学论据。     

长白山天池火山炭化木的~(14)C年代及其意义

对长白山天池火山喷发形成的灰白色空降浮石层、黑色熔结凝灰角砾层和火山碎屑堆积物中 16个炭化木作了系统的14C年龄测定,结果表明天池火山喷发年代为 (1215±15)AD。从火山碎屑堆积中采集的炭化木测定的14C年代要比火山喷发年代偏老,最大可偏离 800a;炭化木树皮的测定结果比较接近火山喷发年代;黑石河、浮石林、锦江大峡谷等地的黑色熔结凝灰角砾层的14C年代结果表明它们也属于(1215±15)AD大喷发的产物     

具有风景区泥石流治理特色的土木工程措施

风景区泥石流治理不同于其他泥石流的治理。在总结九寨沟风景名胜区泥石流治理土木设计的基础上,提出4种具有风景区泥石流治理特色的土木工程措施。即漂木拦挡、泥沙拦淤、生态保护及景点保护。详细分析了每种技术的减灾需求,在此基础上结合其他泥石流治理设计的成功经验,总结各技术的设计要点,并给出可供参考的成功应用实例。这些成功技术在九寨沟泥石流治理中取得了成功,可为其他风景区泥石流治理借鉴。     

Cyclic terpenoids of contemporary resinous plant detritus and of fossil woods, ambers and coals

Cyclic terpenoids present in the solvent extractable material of fossil woods, ambers and brown coals have been analyzed. The sample series chosen consisted of wood remains preserved in Holocene to Jurassic sediments and a set of of ambers from the Philippines (copalite), Israel, Canada and Dominican Republic. The brown coals selected were from the Fortuna Garsdorf Mine and Miocene formations on Fiji.The fossil wood extracts contained dominant diterpenoid or sesquiterpenoid skeletons, and aromatized species were present at high concentrations, with a major amount of two-ring aromatic compounds. Tricyclic diterpenoids were the predominant compounds in the ambers. Aromatized derivatives were the major components, consisting of one or two aromatic ring species with the abietane and occasionally pimarane skeletons. The saturated structures were comprised primarily of the abietane and pimarane skeletons having from three to five carbon (C₁, C₂, etc.) substituents. Kaurane and phyllocladane isomers were present in only minor amounts. Bicyclic sesquiterpenoids as saturated and partial or fully aromatized forms were also common in these samples, but only traces of sesterterpenoids and triterpenoid derivatives were found.The brown coal extracts were composed of major amounts of one- and two-ring aromatized terpenoids, with a greater proportion of triterpenoid derivatives than in the case of the woods and ambers. This was especially noticeable for the German coal, where the triterpenoids were predominant. Open C-ring aromatized structures were also present in this coal. Steroid compounds were not detectable, but some hopanes were found as minor components in the German brown coal.An overview of the skeletal structure classes identified in each sample, as well as the general mass spectrometric characteristics of the unknown compounds are included in the present paper. It can be concluded from these structural distributions that aromatization is the main process for the transformation of terrestrial cyclic terpenoids during diagenesis, constituting a general pathway for all terpenoids.     

The effect of the Changjiang River on water regimes of its tributary Lake East Dongting

The blocking or reversing effect of the downstream trunk river on its tributary lakes is an essential aspect of river-lake hydraulics. To measure how and the extent to which a trunk river can influence its tributary lakes, we made a case study in Changjiang River and one of its tributary lakes, Lake East Dongting (Lake ED) during a 35-year study period (1980–2014). Specifically, we investigated Lake ED’s discharge ability into Changjiang River using stage-discharge relationship curves, and hence the changes of the lake discharge ability under different hydrologic conditions of the Changjiang River. The results show that (1) the Changjiang River does exert a huge impact on the water regimes of Lake ED. And this impact varies seasonally. A variation of 3000 m³/s in Changjiang River’s runoff would change the lake water level by about 1.1 m in dry seasons, by 0.4 m in wet seasons, and by 0.6 m during severe summer floods. (2) Changes in the Changjiang River runoff triggered by the Three Gorges Dam since 2003 have led to dramatic water regime variations in Lake ED. Other factors, including reduction of lake inflow and the lake bed erosion, also exacerbated the water regime variations in Lake ED.     

Stock changes or fluxes? Resolving terminological confusion in the debate on land-use change and forestry

Abstract

This article collates definitions of some key terms commonly used in greenhouse gas reporting and accounting for the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector, and highlights areas of ambiguity and divergent interpretations of key concepts. It uses the example of harvested wood products to demonstrate the impact of different interpretations. The objective is to facilitate clear communication amongst negotiators and practitioners in relation to the terms emissions, removals, sources and sinks. Confusion and misunderstandings that have arisen in the past are rooted in diverging interpretations of the terms ‘emissions’ and ‘removals’ in the context of land use and wood products. One interpretation sees emissions and removals to be approximated by a change in carbon stocks in a number of selected carbon pools that may include or exclude harvested wood products. Another interpretation views emissions and removals as gross fluxes between the atmosphere and the land/wood products system. The various alternative approaches that have been proposed for reporting for harvested wood products are applicable to one or the other of these interpretations: the stock-change and production approaches, focused on stock changes, are applicable to the first interpretation; whereas the atmospheric flow and simple decay approaches focus on fluxes, as in the second interpretation. Whether emissions/removals are approximated by stock change or from gross fluxes, it is critical that a consistent approach is applied across the whole LULUCF/AFOLU sector. Approaches based on stock change are recommended over those based on fluxes.     

Conifer fossil woods from the Santa Marta Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Brandy Bay,James Ross Island,Antarctica

Conifer fossil woods from the Santonian to lower Campanian Santa Marta Formation are anatomically studied in detail. The wood flora is dominated by conifers, mainly Araucariaceae. Conifer fossil woods represent 84% of the samples (26 of 31) of the assemblage. The remaining samples are dicotyledon woods which are not included in this study. Woods are mostly calcified and preservation is often excellent. Fossil woods include three species of Agathoxylon, Phyllocladoxylon antarcticum, Cupressinoxylon hallei and a new species of Cupressinoxylon, C. rotundum Pujana sp. nov. The conifer-dominated forests are consistent with the pollen and macrofloras previously described from sediments of the same stratigraphic unit. This fossil wood assemblage contributes to understand the floristic changes that took place in the Cretaceous forests.     

2006年红花尔基樟子松林重大火灾发生的气象条件

利用极轨卫星遥感资料、气象资料,结合地理信息系统,对2006年5月16日红花尔基樟子松林区重大火灾发生、蔓延的气象条件进行了综合分析,结果表明：（1）高温少雨型严重干旱、大风是林火发生和蔓延的重要背景。（2）计算的森林可燃性的综合指标为395、423,表明应是雷击起火,与实际情况相符。（3）风力4级、气温5．9～6．5℃时,火场火势的蔓延速度为137．2hm2·h^-1;风力5级、气温7．6～8．4℃时,火场火势的蔓延速度为173．2hm^2·h^-1。（4）风力在4～5级之间变化、气温在5．9～8．4℃之间变化时,火场火势的蔓延速度一般为137～173hm2·h^1,可为以后的林火预报提供参考指标。     

云母对热塑化木材/马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯结构与性能的影响

云母是一种高形态化的薄片状硅酸铝矿物,是新型的工业化填料。通过苄基化法在相转移催化剂(PTC)的作用下可将木粉制备成热塑化木材(TPW),然后将热塑化木材、马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯按一定比例配料后,再分别与不同质量的云母共混挤出,制备成热塑化木材/马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯/云母复合材料(TPW/MAH-PP/Mi-ca)。利用扫描电子显微镜和广角X射线衍射仪来研究复合材料的冷淬断面及结晶行为,发现云母含量增加没有改变聚丙烯的结晶晶型,但降低其结晶度;研究材料的力学性能发现:在综合性能比较好的情况下,云母可有效地提高TPW/MAH-PP复合材料的拉伸强度近8%、弯曲强度25%~30%。     

西天山伊犁地块北缘早石炭世硅化木的发现及其意义

在西天山伊犁地块北缘琼阿希河谷中首次发现硅化木,对硅化木的基本特征进行了描述。根据地层中腕足、珊瑚化石的鉴定结果,将地层的时代定为早石炭世维宪期,因此该硅化木的产出层位为下石炭统阿克沙克组。硅化木产于阿克沙克组底部黑色薄层状泥岩、粉砂岩中,这套岩性组合形成于扇三角洲前缘水下分流间湾。伊犁地块北缘阿克沙克组底部扇三角洲沉积环境的确定和硅化木化石的发现说明：研究区早石炭世维宪期不是一套连续的海相沉积,而是陆相—海陆过渡相沉积,研究区所处的地理位置距离古陆地不远。这一发现对于重新认识伊犁地块早石炭世古地理和古构造格局具有重要意义。