An integrated approach for investigating geomorphic response to extreme events: methodological framework and application to the October 2011 flood in the Magra River catchment,Italy

A high‐magnitude flash flood, which took place on 25 October 2011 in the Magra River catchment (1717 km²), central‐northern Italy, is used to illustrate some aspects of the geomorphic response to the flood. An overall methodological framework is described for using interlinked observations and analyses of the geomorphic impacts of an extreme event. The following methods and analyses were carried out: (i) hydrological and hydraulic analysis of the event; (ii) sediment delivery by event landslide mapping; (iii) identification and estimation of wood recruitment, deposition, and budgeting; (iv) interpretation of morphological processes by analysing fluvial deposits; (v) remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) analysis of channel width changes. In response to the high‐magnitude hydrological event, a large number of landslides occurred, consisting of earth flows, soil slips, and translational slides, and a large quantity of wood was recruited, in most part deriving from floodplain erosion caused by bank retreat and channel widening. The most important impact of the flood event within the valley floor was an impressive widening of the overall channel bed and the reactivation of wide portions of the pre‐event floodplain. Along the investigated (unconfined or partly confined) streams (total investigated length of 93.5 km), the channel width after the flood was up to about 20 times the channel width before the event. The study has shown that a synergic use of different methods and types of evidence provides fundamental information for characterizing and understanding the geomorphic effects of intense flood events. The prediction of geomorphic response to a flood event is still challenging and many limitations exist; however a robust geomorphological analysis can contribute to the identification of the most critical reaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

"船台说"可以休矣——评《广州文物考古集·广州秦造船遗址论稿专辑》

根据《广州文物考古集·广州秦造船遗址论稿专辑》所报导发掘的事实 ,认为“船台说”把南越国宫殿建筑物被大火焚毁后的木柱脚 ,误认为是“木墩” ,进而把“木墩”看成可造船台的“木墩” ,又把垫木柱脚的木板 ,误为船台“滑板” ,结果道出“船台”来。所谓“船台”其实是建筑物地基木结构。     

湖北新洲阳逻镇硅化木研究

作者研究了我国首次在湖北阳逻地区发现的两种硅化木:一种为芸香科吴茱萸Euadia rutaecarpa(Juss.) Benth.,另一种为松科长苞铁杉Tsuga,lngibraceata Cheng。这些木化石的发现为长江中下游地区古气候、古环境、生物群演变,大别山南麓新生代地层时代的归属等问题研究,提供了新的科学论据。     

长白山天池火山炭化木的~(14)C年代及其意义

对长白山天池火山喷发形成的灰白色空降浮石层、黑色熔结凝灰角砾层和火山碎屑堆积物中 16个炭化木作了系统的14C年龄测定,结果表明天池火山喷发年代为 (1215±15)AD。从火山碎屑堆积中采集的炭化木测定的14C年代要比火山喷发年代偏老,最大可偏离 800a;炭化木树皮的测定结果比较接近火山喷发年代;黑石河、浮石林、锦江大峡谷等地的黑色熔结凝灰角砾层的14C年代结果表明它们也属于(1215±15)AD大喷发的产物     

具有风景区泥石流治理特色的土木工程措施

风景区泥石流治理不同于其他泥石流的治理。在总结九寨沟风景名胜区泥石流治理土木设计的基础上,提出4种具有风景区泥石流治理特色的土木工程措施。即漂木拦挡、泥沙拦淤、生态保护及景点保护。详细分析了每种技术的减灾需求,在此基础上结合其他泥石流治理设计的成功经验,总结各技术的设计要点,并给出可供参考的成功应用实例。这些成功技术在九寨沟泥石流治理中取得了成功,可为其他风景区泥石流治理借鉴。     

Cyclic terpenoids of contemporary resinous plant detritus and of fossil woods, ambers and coals

Cyclic terpenoids present in the solvent extractable material of fossil woods, ambers and brown coals have been analyzed. The sample series chosen consisted of wood remains preserved in Holocene to Jurassic sediments and a set of of ambers from the Philippines (copalite), Israel, Canada and Dominican Republic. The brown coals selected were from the Fortuna Garsdorf Mine and Miocene formations on Fiji.The fossil wood extracts contained dominant diterpenoid or sesquiterpenoid skeletons, and aromatized species were present at high concentrations, with a major amount of two-ring aromatic compounds. Tricyclic diterpenoids were the predominant compounds in the ambers. Aromatized derivatives were the major components, consisting of one or two aromatic ring species with the abietane and occasionally pimarane skeletons. The saturated structures were comprised primarily of the abietane and pimarane skeletons having from three to five carbon (C₁, C₂, etc.) substituents. Kaurane and phyllocladane isomers were present in only minor amounts. Bicyclic sesquiterpenoids as saturated and partial or fully aromatized forms were also common in these samples, but only traces of sesterterpenoids and triterpenoid derivatives were found.The brown coal extracts were composed of major amounts of one- and two-ring aromatized terpenoids, with a greater proportion of triterpenoid derivatives than in the case of the woods and ambers. This was especially noticeable for the German coal, where the triterpenoids were predominant. Open C-ring aromatized structures were also present in this coal. Steroid compounds were not detectable, but some hopanes were found as minor components in the German brown coal.An overview of the skeletal structure classes identified in each sample, as well as the general mass spectrometric characteristics of the unknown compounds are included in the present paper. It can be concluded from these structural distributions that aromatization is the main process for the transformation of terrestrial cyclic terpenoids during diagenesis, constituting a general pathway for all terpenoids.     

Stock changes or fluxes? Resolving terminological confusion in the debate on land-use change and forestry

Abstract

This article collates definitions of some key terms commonly used in greenhouse gas reporting and accounting for the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector, and highlights areas of ambiguity and divergent interpretations of key concepts. It uses the example of harvested wood products to demonstrate the impact of different interpretations. The objective is to facilitate clear communication amongst negotiators and practitioners in relation to the terms emissions, removals, sources and sinks. Confusion and misunderstandings that have arisen in the past are rooted in diverging interpretations of the terms ‘emissions’ and ‘removals’ in the context of land use and wood products. One interpretation sees emissions and removals to be approximated by a change in carbon stocks in a number of selected carbon pools that may include or exclude harvested wood products. Another interpretation views emissions and removals as gross fluxes between the atmosphere and the land/wood products system. The various alternative approaches that have been proposed for reporting for harvested wood products are applicable to one or the other of these interpretations: the stock-change and production approaches, focused on stock changes, are applicable to the first interpretation; whereas the atmospheric flow and simple decay approaches focus on fluxes, as in the second interpretation. Whether emissions/removals are approximated by stock change or from gross fluxes, it is critical that a consistent approach is applied across the whole LULUCF/AFOLU sector. Approaches based on stock change are recommended over those based on fluxes.     

Conifer fossil woods from the Santa Marta Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Brandy Bay,James Ross Island,Antarctica

Conifer fossil woods from the Santonian to lower Campanian Santa Marta Formation are anatomically studied in detail. The wood flora is dominated by conifers, mainly Araucariaceae. Conifer fossil woods represent 84% of the samples (26 of 31) of the assemblage. The remaining samples are dicotyledon woods which are not included in this study. Woods are mostly calcified and preservation is often excellent. Fossil woods include three species of Agathoxylon, Phyllocladoxylon antarcticum, Cupressinoxylon hallei and a new species of Cupressinoxylon, C. rotundum Pujana sp. nov. The conifer-dominated forests are consistent with the pollen and macrofloras previously described from sediments of the same stratigraphic unit. This fossil wood assemblage contributes to understand the floristic changes that took place in the Cretaceous forests.     

2006年红花尔基樟子松林重大火灾发生的气象条件

利用极轨卫星遥感资料、气象资料,结合地理信息系统,对2006年5月16日红花尔基樟子松林区重大火灾发生、蔓延的气象条件进行了综合分析,结果表明：（1）高温少雨型严重干旱、大风是林火发生和蔓延的重要背景。（2）计算的森林可燃性的综合指标为395、423,表明应是雷击起火,与实际情况相符。（3）风力4级、气温5．9～6．5℃时,火场火势的蔓延速度为137．2hm2·h^-1;风力5级、气温7．6～8．4℃时,火场火势的蔓延速度为173．2hm^2·h^-1。（4）风力在4～5级之间变化、气温在5．9～8．4℃之间变化时,火场火势的蔓延速度一般为137～173hm2·h^1,可为以后的林火预报提供参考指标。