Transient Coronal Sigmoids and Rotating Erupting Flux Ropes

To determine the relationship between transient coronal (soft X-ray or EUV) sigmoids and erupting flux ropes, we analyse four events in which a transient sigmoid could be associated with a filament whose apex rotates upon eruption and two further events in which the two phenomena were spatially but not temporally coincident. We find the helicity sign of the erupting field and the direction of filament rotation to be consistent with the conversion of twist into writhe under the ideal MHD constraint of helicity conservation, thus supporting our assumption of flux rope topology for the rising filament. For positive (negative) helicity the filament apex rotates clockwise (counterclockwise), consistent with the flux rope taking on a reverse (forward) S shape, which is opposite to that observed for the sigmoid. This result is incompatible with two models for sigmoid formation: one identifying sigmoids with upward arching kink-unstable flux ropes and one identifying sigmoids with a current layer between two oppositely sheared arcades. We find instead that the observations agree well with the model by Titov and Démoulin (Astron. Astrophys. 351, 707, 1999), which identifies transient sigmoids with steepened current layers below rising flux ropes.     

江西省积冰特征分析及重冰区不同重现期最大标准冰厚推算

用江西境内85个国家气象站近30年雨凇、雾凇观测记录分析了江西省积冰日的年际、年代际变化及分布特点。结果表明江西地区的积冰天气事件近30年来总体呈现发生频次减少,强度增强的特征;高山气象站的积冰事件的发生频率显著高于平原、丘陵气象站。积冰高发区主要分布在西、北山区及中部环鄱阳湖及抚河流域以南。另外,充分考虑2011年前后气象部门观测导线线径的变化,利用建站至今16个观冰站电线积冰数据对全省范围的最大电线积冰最大标准厚度进行了推算,结果更符合电力行业对电线积冰工程气象数据的需求。结果表明,除赣北山区外,全省大部分地区2 m高度电线积冰最大标准冰厚度小于20 mm,“轻冰区”范围较多。应重点关注高海拔山区的电线积冰的致灾状况并加以预防。针对该区域架空输电线路电线积冰设计的实际需要,采用极值I型概率分布函数结合高山站-庐山站的观测数据进行了推算,20 m高度百年一遇的最大标准冰厚达到71.1 mm,在计算不同走向的导线设计冰厚时迎风向与非迎风向的比例系数推荐设定为1.2,该结果可为现阶段江西“重冰区”电力工程项目规划设计中预防冰灾提供有力支持,为有效节省项目建设成本和科学预防气象灾害之间寻求平衡点提供气象保障。     

Modelling of the mechanical interaction between anchored wire meshes and granular soils

In this paper a theoretical and numerical analysis of the mechanical interaction between an anchored deformable facing structure and the underlying granular soil is presented. The reinforcement system is mainly composed of wire meshes, geosynthetics, bars/ties, and spike steel plates. This is usually employed for stabilising potentially unstable slopes. The punching process that can occur locally is described by considering the complex interaction mechanisms arising among the different system elements and the soil. For the sake of simplicity, the soil stratum and the anchor are assumed to be horizontal and vertical, respectively. A simplified displacement-based approach is introduced with the main goal of evaluating both the maximum force that can be applied on the anchor and the correlated penetration of the spike plate within the soil. The approach is validated by means of experimental laboratory test results already available in the literature. Finally, in order to stress the role of the spike plates' spacing and the soil stiffness in influencing the mechanical response of the system, the numerical results of parametric analyses are discussed.     

北京某深基坑复合土钉墙支护受力监测及分析

通过对某深基坑开挖及支护过程中土钉钢筋受力、锚索轴力及坡顶水平位移情况进行监测,并通过对土钉拉筋受力特征、锚索轴力特征、坡顶水平位移监测值特征及其相互关系进行系统分析,将其与传统的受力模型进行对比,解析了该基坑在此方面的普遍性与特殊性,为今后类似工程提供借鉴。     

浅水FPSO限位作业系泊分析

以浅水单点系泊装置水下软钢臂维修解脱为背景,研究在拖轮限位状态下FPSO运动与限位缆绳张力。计算在不同水深及浪向条件下,FPSO的二阶传递函数(QTF);分别应用Newman近似方法、全QTF法以及使用部分QTF值的方法,计算FPSO时域低频波浪载荷,并对其限位响应进行对比;计算不同长度时的限位缆绳张力响应,分析限位缆绳长度及FPSO波频运动对缆绳张力的影响。分析表明:Newman近似的适用性,应根据FPSO的QTF与海浪谱能量集中范围综合判断;为减少QTF计算量,可根据FPSO低频运动固有频率,确定频率间隔△ω的计算上限,采用部分QTF值计算低频波浪载荷,其响应预报结果与全QTF法接近;若FPSO的RAO能够避开海浪谱能量集中的频率范围,则在限位分析中可忽略FPSO波频运动的影响。     

芦山7级地震村镇木结构震害调查及加固建议

木结构在地震中表现出良好的抗震性能.本文以芦山“4.20”7级地震Ⅶ一Ⅸ度区村镇木结构考察为基础,总结了“4.20”芦山7级地震后村镇木结构的震害程度和类型,发现木结构砌块填充墙破坏严重.考虑我国村镇经济特点和村镇施工人员的施工技术.提出用铁环&钢丝网片夹壁的加固和维修的方案.     

Stream Interactions and Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections at 0.72 AU

We present comprehensive surveys of 203 stream interaction regions (SIRs) and 124 interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs) during 1979 – 1988 using Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) in situ solar-wind observations at 0.72 AU and examine the solar-cycle variations of the occurrence rate, shock association rate, duration, width, maximum total perpendicular pressure (P _t), maximum dynamic pressure, maximum magnetic field intensity, and maximum velocity change of these two large-scale solar-wind structures. The medians, averages, and histogram distributions of these parameters are also reported. Furthermore, we sort ICMEs into three groups based on the temporal profiles of P _t, and we investigate the variations of the fractional occurrence rate of three groups of ICMEs with solar activity. We find that the fractional occurrence rate of magnetic-cloud-like ICMEs declined with solar activity, consistent with our former 1-AU results. This study at 0.72 AU provides a point of comparison in the inner heliosphere for examining the radial evolution of SIRs and ICMEs. The width of SIRs and ICMEs increases by 0.04 and 0.1 AU, respectively, and the maximum P _t decreases to about 1/3 from Venus to Earth orbit. In addition, our work establishes the statistical properties of the solar-wind conditions at 0.72 AU that control the solar-wind interaction with Venus and its atmosphere loss by related processes. Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article () contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

黑龙江省电线积冰的气候特征及电网冰区划分

以1981-2012年黑龙江省32个电线积冰观测站资料和80个气象站资料为基础,分析了黑龙江省积冰的时空分布特征;通过建立出雨凇、雾凇标准冰厚与气象因子的回归方程,对黑龙江电网冰区进行了初步划分. 结果表明：雨凇的密度要远大于雾凇,多数站最严重积冰现象是由雨凇导致的,雨凇对积冰灾害的形成有着至关重要的影响. 雾凇日数远远大于雨凇日数,1981-2012年二者均呈显著下降的趋势;雨凇在秋季（11月份）最多,春季次之,而雾凇日数在冬季（1月份）最多,秋季次之. 雨凇日数在漠河北部、黑河大部、孙吴大部、五常大部和虎林南部较多,雾凇日数在齐齐哈尔中部、绥化中部以及三江平原东部地区最多. 冰区分布图结果显示,富裕属于中冰区,齐齐哈尔属于重冰区,其他地区均属于轻冰区.     

粤北地区导线覆冰气象特征与标准厚度推算

利用广东省乐昌高山气象站1972—1978年观冰资料和气候资料,分析了粤北地区导线覆冰的气象特征,建立了导线覆冰标准冰厚的气象推算模型。根据乐昌国家气象站的历史资料,对乐昌高山气象站的气候资料进行订正延长,构建了乐昌高山气象站覆冰年极值长年代序列,并推算出离地不同高度各重现期的标准冰厚值。结果表明,粤北地区导线覆冰主要发生在1月,其次为2月和12月,平均覆冰期在90天左右,最长覆冰期可达131天以上。主导风向、日最低气温、日降水量是影响导线覆冰厚度的主要气象因素。标准冰厚的年极值序列服从极值I型概率分布,历史上的最大导线覆冰值出现在2008年1月26日,2m高度标准冰厚达64.4mm,15m高度标准冰厚达92.7mm,与2008年冰灾实况调查的覆冰厚度(标准冰厚)115mm较为接近。     

Numerical modelling of a point-absorbing wave energy converter in irregular and extreme waves

Based on the Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, a three-dimensional (3-D) mathematical model for the hydrodynamics and structural dynamics of a floating point-absorbing wave energy converter (WEC) with a stroke control system in irregular and extreme waves is presented. The model is validated by a comparison of the numerical results with the wave tank experiment results of other researchers. The validated model is then utilized to examine the effect of wave height on structure displacements and connection rope tension. In the examined cases, the differences in WEC’s performance exhibited by an inviscid fluid and a viscous fluid can be neglected. Our results also reveal that the differences in behavior predicted by boundary element method (BEM) and the RANS-based method can be significant and vary considerably, depending on wave height.