岩石声发射Kaiser点信号频带能量分布和分形特征研究

通过单轴加载岩石破坏全过程声发射试验,根据Kaiser效应原理采用参数法确定了Kaiser点.在此基础上,首先采用小波包频带分解方法,对岩石声发射Kaiser点信号的能量分布特征进行了研究,分析了砂岩声发射信号的不同频带能量分布规律,得到了Kaiser点特征频带能量百分比大于相邻点的重要结论.其次,采用G-P算法计算了声发射过程关联分维数,结果表明声发射过程不仅具有分形特征,而且Kaiser点声发射信号关联分维数小于其相邻点,其结论可作为通过波形分析识别Kaiser点的特征.     

双频道频谱激电非线性效应研究

利用双频道激发极化法，在封闭条件下和三维大水槽中，对４０余块各种天然矿物标本进行了频谱激电非线性效应研究．实验结果和理论分析表明，当电流密度增加到一定程度时，将出现激电非线性现象．用双频道频谱激电方法，将得到锯齿状频谱曲线．不同类型的矿物，锯齿状频谱曲线具有不同的特征，为评价激电异常源性质提供了新方法．     

新型抗滑结构围桩-土的耦合效应分析

在引入围桩-土耦合式抗滑结构的基础上建立数值分析模型;通过分析该抗滑结构中围桩-土的应力、应变分布规律,详细探讨围桩-土整个结构的耦合效应特征。进一步开展模型试验,测试并分析围桩前、后土压力和桩身弯矩分布特征,论证了围桩-土耦合式抗滑结构的作用机制。最后,分析了桩后距离、不同深度及不同土体强度参数对土拱效应的影响。得到：（1）围桩与桩内土体耦合呈现出4种应力拱形态：紧邻围桩后为扩肩型拱、围桩间双曲线型拱、围桩间凸向桩外的抛物线型拱、围桩间凸向桩内的抛物线型拱;（2）相邻围桩采用约4倍桩径间距、正六边形布置并顶部用圈梁固结、锚固一定深度可形成一种耦合式抗滑结构。该结论对于该新型抗滑结构的推广应用具有一定的指导意义。     

福建尤溪山头顶银金多金属矿土壤异常特征及找矿效果

尤溪山头顶矿区通过土壤测量,分析多元素衬度累加异常特征、异常元素组合特征,优选异常进行查证,经地表探槽揭露及深部钻孔验证,发现2个规模较大的银金多金属矿（化）带,新发现银金多金属矿体12个,取得较好的找矿效果.     

河岸带潜流层动态过程与生态修复

河岸带潜流层是河岸带内地表水与地下水相互作用的生态交错带,在水文地理学、生态学、环境学上含义不尽相同。河岸带潜流层具有复杂的垂向、横向、纵向结构特征,其边缘效应显著,表现为泥沙、水流、生物、环境化学因子之间的复杂动态过程,主要包括水动力动态过程、生态学过程、溶质循环与化学过程等。水动力动态过程是驱动条件,氧气浓度是生态过程、溶质循环和化学过程的决定性因素。在各动态过程的驱动下,河岸带潜流层具有调蓄洪水、削减污染、净化缓冲环境和提供适宜栖息地等功能。针对河岸带潜流层功能退化的问题,需开展健康诊断,明确致病机理,实施适宜的生态修复。未来中国在开展河岸带潜流层研究时,应根据中国河岸带特点,采用示踪试验、数值模拟等方法,集成GIS等现代技术手段,研究多尺度下,水文条件、地形变化、土壤渗透系数、河岸带建设方式、植被分布等对河岸带潜流层水文、热传导、生化、生态等的影响机制,准确界定河岸带潜流层区域范围,制定适宜的生态修复策略。     

Advances in Modern Phytolith Research

Phytolith has been widely used as a tool to reconstruct the paleoenvironment, and the investigation of modern phytolith is very crucial to the accurate interpretation of phytolith data in ancient sediments. Studies of modern process of phytolith primarily include the morphological analysis of phytolith in modern plants, and the relationships between the formation and growth of phytolith and environmental factors, as well as the transportation and taphonomy of phytolith in modern soils and sediments. The formation of phytolith in plants is controlled not only by genes but also by environmental factors, such as humidity, precipitation, temperature, CO₂ concentration, soil pH, and nutrient status, etc. The morphology, assemblages, ¹³C and ¹⁸O of phytolith in plants can respond sensitively to environmental variables. The phytolith assemblages can be affected by its taphonomy and transportation that may be different due to phytolith types and soils/sediments texture. It is necessary to investigate the phytolith morphology and types in modern plants, the relationship between its formation and environmental factors, and the impact of transportation and taphonomy on phytolith assemblages under different environmental conditions in order to promote the application of phytolith analysis to paeloenvironment reconstruction.     

中国环境污染源的区域差异及其社会经济影响因素——基于339个地级行政单元截面数据的实证分析

基于2012年环境污染物排放和社会经济截面数据,选取化学需氧量、二氧化硫及污染源结构指标,定量研究中国339个地级行政单元环境污染源的空间分异和集聚效应,解析环境污染源及排放空间格局的影响因素,并提出污染防控措施与综合治理建议。结果表明：① 环境污染源结构区域差异显著,水环境污染源以农业源主导型、城镇生活源主导型、城镇生活和农业源复合型为主,三者比重分别为35.40%、33.92%和25.66%,农业源主导型排放强度最高,主要分布于华北和东北地区;大气环境污染源以工业源绝对主导型为主,其比重为74.63%,分布于除青藏高原区的广大区域。② 农业源主导使水污染物集聚式排放加剧,工业源主导则促进了大气污染物集聚式排放,特别在环渤海及其经济腹地区域,污染源结构强化了污染物排放的空间集聚效应。③ 人口规模、城镇化水平和经济增长速度是污染物排放的主要驱动因素,其中以人口规模影响最为显著;经济发展水平在区域模型中呈现不同的影响效应,对工业源主导型区域的大气污染物排放呈正向影响,而对城镇生活源主导型区域的水体污染物排放具有抑制作用;工业化程度对工业源绝对主导型区域的大气污染物排放正向影响显著。     

催化显色光度法测定微量铜

实验表明在Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）─邻苯二酚─Ｈ２Ｏ２体系中加入Ｃｌ－和Ａｌ３＋对该体系有一定的活化作用，可进一步提高测定微量铜的灵敏度，通过实验确定了测定微量铜Ｃｕ２＋的最佳条件。可测铜在０．１μｇ以下。     

1961-2004年惠州城市与乡村气温变化的对比

根据惠州城市和乡村1961-2004年逐月平均气温资料,对比分析了全球变暖背景下惠州城市和乡村的气温变化。结果表明：城市和乡村年平均气温均表现为增加趋势,气候倾向率分别为0.21和0.13 ℃/10 a,其中冬季变暖最明显。城市气温的增温率和增温幅度都高于乡村,城市化、工业化和人类活动引起的城市热岛效应对城市气温变化有重要影响,年和四季城市热岛效应的增温贡献率为28.9%～56.3%。1990年代中期开始的10 a与前34 a相比,城市年和四季热岛效应增温幅度平均为0.19～0.27 ℃,全球变暖效应增温幅度平均为0.17～0.73 ℃。城市热岛效应对1990年代城市气温突变有重要影响。     

Observation of recent tectonic movements by extensometers in the Pannonian Basin

In Hungary four extensometric observatories were established in the last two decades. The extensometers were installed primarily for observations of Earth tides. A 15-year continuous data series (1991–2005) was recorded at the Sopronbánfalva station and a 7-year record (1993–1999) was obtained at the Pécs station. The length of the measured continuous data series at the two other stations (Bakonya and Budapest) is only a few years. The long-term data records were also applied to the investigation of long-periodic deformations caused by recent tectonic movements. To get an insight into the present day tectonic processes on the margin of the Pannonian Basin, the measurement results of two additional stations (Vyhne in Slovakia and Beregovo in Ukraine) were also included into the investigations. The seasonal variations in the long data series due to temperature and air pressure effects were eliminated. The residual curve – after the correction of the seasonal effects and filtering the “high frequency” components (e.g. earthquakes, Earth tides, etc.) – contains the instrumental drift. It is impossible to determine this curve mathematically. It can be diminished by special instrumental solutions and by regular calibration of the instruments. This paper shows methods and possible solutions how the instrumental drift was investigated and eliminated in order to get the most reliable data for studying recent tectonic movements. The reliability of the extensometric measurements was tested by the tidal evaluation of the data series. The results of the observations show that the Pannonian Basin is under compressive stress. The strain rates measured by extensometers on the margin of the basin are about three orders of magnitude higher than the intra-plate strains obtained by GPS measurements. The reason for this large difference arises from the interaction between the plate boundary and intra-plate forces and from the different measurement techniques. Investigations showed that the rate of the tectonic movements varies, and depends on the local geographical and topographical conditions.