滇西哀牢山变质杂岩中含石墨岩石的变形-变质温度、构造特征及流变弱化意义

前人研究表明石墨化作用与变质温度具有良好的相关性,同时室内摩擦实验研究认为少量石墨就能够有效地降低断层摩擦阻力,进而被认为对断层弱化起着重要的固体润滑作用而开始受到大家的关注。但是由于技术手段的限制,我们对天然断裂带中含石墨岩石的宏观-微观构造、变形机制、变形-变质环境以及对岩石流变行为的贡献仍然还不是很清楚。本文在详细的野外地质观测的基础上结合室内实验分析,对新生代红河-哀牢山走滑断裂带内哀牢山深变质杂岩东南侧边界发育的含石墨岩石开展了深入的研究。其中主要侧重利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)以及拉曼光谱(Raman Spectra)技术方法和手段,对宏观及显微构造变形行为、石墨拉曼温度、矿物晶格优选定向(LPO)以及其变形-变质环境进行了综合分析。结果表明,含石墨岩石显微构造特征表现为典型的塑性到超塑性流动构造特征,通过石墨拉曼光谱地质温度计,获得了哀牢山杂岩东部边界与上盘未变质岩石接触的含石墨岩石变形-变质的石墨拉曼温度为462～505℃;而靠近深变质岩含石墨岩石的石墨拉曼温度在511～529℃。基质中强烈细粒化的石墨、石英及长石具有明显的晶格...     

鲜水河断裂带康定段雅拉河断裂深部应力应变状态及其孕震环境

鲜水河断裂带位于青藏高原东缘,是中国大陆内部地震活动性最强的大型左行走滑断裂之一,揭示其深部应力状态与应变是认识孕震环境和评估断裂带地震危险性的重要依据。本文选择鲜水河断裂带未来强震危险性较高的康定段作为研究对象,聚焦雅拉河断裂带内的糜棱岩,通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜（SEM）的显微构造分析、粒度统计、石英组构和Ti含量测试,确定石英递进变形过程中差应力的变化和不同阶段的变形温度,构建鲜水河断裂带康定段的地壳强度剖面。观测结果显示,糜棱岩在抬升过程中石英发生颗粒边界迁移（GBM）、亚颗粒旋转（SGR）和膨凸重结晶（BLG）三种类型的变形机制。构建的地壳强度剖面显示,雅拉河断裂带应变速率约为6.08×10^-13~1.62×10^-11s^-1,脆韧性转化带发生在~12.5±2.5km深度,该处岩石极限强度~145.5MPa。实际岩石强度（μ=0.383）小于理论破裂摩尔圆（μ=0.85）的岩石强度发育应变弱化。当韧性变形阶段由位错蠕变形成的应变局部化以及细粒化等机制降低岩石的强度至临界条件时,会导致破裂频次的增强,应力释放发生地震。同时,位错蠕变引起的应变弱化导致岩石强度降低,使高应力无法积累。     

Coupled trace element mobilisation and strain softening in quartz during retrograde fluid infiltration in dry granulite protoliths

This study focuses on the retrograde rheological and chemical evolution of quartz and the behaviour of quartzites during retrograde metamorphism following dry high grade metamorphism at 750°C, 7 kbar. SEM-CL and LA-HR-ICP-MS are applied to document quartz texture and chemistry, respectively. Four generations of quartz were distinguished by SEM-CL; Qz1, Qz2, Qz3 and Qz4. Qz1, brecciated and partly dissolved old grains, is enriched in B, Al and Ti when compared with the other types. Qz2, formed during brecciation and partial dissolution of Qz1, has low Al contents (<50 ppm) but, due to rutile inclusions, variable Ti contents when occurring in amphibolite (210–10 ppm) but more consistent values when occurring in quartzites (peak value 32 ppm). Qz3, dark grey luminescent quartz forming fluid migration channels (fluid pathways), has Ti < 5 ppm and Al contents below 10 ppm and B < 1 ppm. Qz4, comprises are group of quartz later than Qz3 filling micron thick cracks and pods with very low luminescent quartz, i.e. darker than Qz3. The textural and chemical evolution of quartz in our study is explained by two major influxes of aqueous fluids during regional uplift and retrogression. They facilitated rehydration and recrystallisation in the otherwise dry high grade quartzites. The first introduction of aqueous fluids was associated with brecciation of the high grade quartz (Qz1) and dissolution/precipitation of quartz (Qz2). Ti in quartz geothermometry (Wark and Watson, Contrib Mineral Petrol 152(6):637–652) gives 626°C in agreement with the retrograde PT-path deduced from phase diagrams. Later fluid influx associated with scapolitisation of amphibolite caused localised recrystallisation (Qz3) and alteration of biotite to muscovite along mm-wide fluid migration channels. During subsequent deformation, Qz3 deformed plastically and recovered by subgrain rotation recrystallisation (SGR), resulting in a reduction of grain size, whereas Qz1 quartz formed micro faults. Qz2 was plastic but did not experience SGR to the same degree as Qz3 quartz. Increased plasticity and recovery rates most likely relate to an increased H₂O fugacity and the depletion in trace elements of the quartz lattice by promoting strain softening processes dislocation climb and recovery. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

三种不同管土相互作用模型在触地区立管运动模拟中的比较研究

选择恰当的管土相互作用模型,对于准确描述海洋悬链线立管在触地区的动力响应至关重要。首先总结分析了国内外已有的三类典型管土作用模型,并基于三种模型计算模拟了触地区管道的竖向运动过程,计算结果与试验数据进行了对比验证。选用的三类模型均包括四个管土作用状态,即未接触、初始贯入、上拔和再贯入。研究发现:RQ模型对管道远端管道埋深的预测结果远比试验值小,明显低估了管道的触地区范围;AB模型可以考虑管道的开槽效应,但对于土体强度弱化估算不准,预测的管道埋深远低于试验值;ABY模型能够考虑土体强度的循环弱化,但在模拟管土相互作用时会严重低估土体的强度,预测的管道远端的埋深远大于试验值,这可能导致对管道疲劳寿命的估计错误,需对其进行必要的修正。     

波浪作用下含软弱夹层岩质边坡失稳理论

长江三峡大坝蓄水后,水位将达到175m,而平时水面浪高预计将达到1m,因此波浪对岩质边坡稳定性能的影响已不能忽略。本文通过对含应变弱化介质夹层岩质边坡在波浪作用下的力学分析,提出波浪扰动下位移累积引起的夹层介质弱化和时间累积是影响边坡稳定的主要原因,最后得出考虑波浪作用时间因素的稳定性评价方程。     

热水条件下透辉石的摩擦本构特征

为了研究下地壳主要造岩矿物之一的辉石在摩擦滑动中的力学性质,本文选择辉石中的透辉石作为实验样品,在约200 MPa有效正应力（30 MPa孔隙水压）及100~600℃的热水条件下进行了速度阶跃摩擦滑动实验,在滑动开始后将剪切滑动速率在0.122 μm·s^-1和1.22 μm·s^-1之间进行切换来确定摩擦滑动对速度变化的响应.通过实验发现：透辉石在102~200℃表现为速度强化,随着温度升高,在约215℃附近从速度强化转变为速度弱化.在310℃以上,速度弱化的程度受温度的影响不大,而且摩擦本构参数a值和b值随温度的变化趋势相同.对变形样品的显微观测发现,与其速度强化行为相对应的微观变形主要以数条平行的R1剪切为主,卸样时造成的裂纹集中在R1剪切内部,形态长而曲折;与其速度弱化行为相对应的断层泥内部,剪切带变窄且数量明显增加,在内部互相连接,在边界附近多发育B剪切,卸样时形成的裂纹大量存在于B剪切带与R1剪切附近,形态短且平直.     

Plastic mechanism of deformation of garnet

The strongly deformed eclogites are well developed in ultra-high pressure jadeite-quartzite zone of the Dabie Mountains, Eastern China, and garnets had been deformed strongly. Observations by transmission electron microscopy identified not only structure of plastic deformation occurring as free dislocation, dislocation loops and dislocation walls, but also clusters of water molecules present in the deformed garnet. Using infrared spectroscopy, two types of hydrous components are identified as the hydroxyl and free-water in the garnet. Based on analysis of microstructure mechanism of deformation in garnets, and experimental data of petrology, the clusters of water molecules were considered to lead strong plastic deformation of garnet by dislocations because of mechanical weakening.     

A STUDY ON THE MECHANISM OF RAPID WEAKENING OF TYPHOON XANGSANE (0020) OVER THE EAST CHINA SEA

Using the National Center for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data on 1.0°×1.0° grids and data from the Tropical Cyclone yearbook(2000),a diagnostic analysis and numerical simulation were performed to investigate the characteristics and mechanism underlying the rapid weakening of typhoon Xangsane.The results show that a sharp decline in the intensity of typhoon Xangsane resulted from its movement into the cool sea surface temperature area in the East China Sea,the intrusion of cold air from the mainland into the typhoon,and a rapid increase of the vertical wind shear in the surrounding environment.An important factor that led to the demise of the typhoon was a significant decrease in the moisture transport into the typhoon.Furthermore,the results of the numerical simulation and sensitivity experiments indicate that sea surface temperature largely modulated the rapid weakening of typhoon Xangsane.     

库车坳陷东部异常流体压力特征及其对构造变形的控制

为探究库车坳陷东部异常流体压力特征及其对构造变形的影响,在研究区25口井的钻井、完井及测井资料基础上,利用“等效深度法”计算出泥岩段流体压力,并结合实测流体压力对其进行校正,从而刻画出该地区依奇克里克构造带、秋里塔格构造带以及阳霞凹陷超压发育特征,在此基础上拟合流体压力随深度的变化规律,估算出在依奇克里克构造带以及秋里塔格构造带基底滑脱层有效摩擦系数为0.138∽0.238;通过解释过井的地震剖面,运用构造楔相关理论计算出基底滑脱层强度F = 0.103 4∽0.172 9,将其与利用基底滑脱层流体压力比计算出来的有效摩擦系数进行比较,发现两者之间存在比较好的吻合性,以此证明估算基底滑脱层有效摩擦系数的可信度;计算出若研究区不发育流体超压,则基底滑脱层有效摩擦系数应为0.342∽0.485,说明研究区广泛发育的流体超压有效降低了原基底滑脱层有效摩擦系数的59.1%∽69.8%,意味着在研究区沿基底滑脱层发生剪切作用所需要的构造应力大幅度减小。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INTENSIFYING AND WEAKENING LANDFALL TROPICAL CYCLONES DURING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OVER CHINA

Based on the Tropical Cyclone(TC) Yearbooks data and JRA-25 reanalysis data from the Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA) during 1979-2008, dynamic composite analysis and computation of kinetic energy budget are used to study the intensifying and weakening TCs during Extratropical Transition over China. The TCI shows strong upper-level divergence, strengthened low-level convergence and significantly enhanced upward motion under the influence of strong upper-level troughs and high-level jets. The TCI is correspondingly intensified after Extratropical Transition(ET); TCW exhibits strong upper-level divergence, subdued low-level convergence and slightly enhanced upward motion under the influence of weak upper-level troughs and high-level jets. It then weakens after ET. The increase(decrease) of the generation of kinetic energy by divergence wind in TCI(TCW) at low level is one of the major reasons for TCI’s intensification(TCW’s weakening) after transformation. The generation of kinetic energy by divergence wind is closely related to the development of a low-level baroclinic frontal zone. The growth of the generation of kinetic energy by rotational wind in TCI at upper level is favorable for TCI’s maintenance, which is affected by strong upper-level troughs. The dissipation of the generation of kinetic energy by rotational wind in TCW at upper level is unfavorable for TCW’s maintenance, which is affected by weak upper-level troughs.