不同强度El Ni?o的衰减过程.Ⅱ,中等和较弱El Ni?o的衰减过程

在第二部分,我们研究了中等和较弱El Ni?o的衰减过程. 结果表明,对中等El Ni?o而言,在其发展阶段和盛期,负异常信号在西太平洋产生,但由于强度不足,在El Ni?o盛期之后迅速衰减,这是一种夭折的类西太平洋振子过程. 因此,与强El Ni?o不同,中等El Ni?o衰减进入平常态. 而较弱El Ni?o以截然不同的另一种方式进行位相转换,伴随东南太平洋副高的加强和西移,东风异常和海表温度负异常自赤道东太平洋向西扩展,这是一种平流模态过程,导致较弱El Ni?o衰减进入La Nia.     

Study on the Determination of Trace Ni（Ⅱ） by the Catalytic Kinetic Spectrophotometric Method

A new kinetic spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of trace Ni (II) in natural water.The method is based on the catalytic effect of Ni (II) on the oxidation of weak acid brilliant blue dye (RAWL) by KIO4 in acid medium.The concentration of nickel (II) can be determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the decrease of absorbance of RAWL at λ= 626 nm using the fix-time method.The influencing factors are investigated by the orthogonal experimental design.The obtained optimum analytical conditions are:pH=2.00,c RAWL=5.00×10-5 mol L-1,cKIO 4= 2.00×10-5 mol L-1,the reaction time t=10 min and the temperature T=25℃..Under the optimum conditions,the developed method allows the measurement of Ni (II) in a range of 0-40.0 ng mL-1.The standard deviation of eleven independent measurements of blank reaction is S=3.08×10-3 and the limit of detection is 2.20 ng mL-1.The relative standard deviations (RSDs) in six replicate determinations of 5 ng mL-1 and 8 ng mL-1 Ni (II) are 2.87% and 1.11%,respectively.Moreover,the experiments show few cations and anions can interfere with the measurement of Ni (II).The recovery efficiencies of this method are in a range of 97.0%-102.5% in freshwater samples.But there is a decreasing effect,which is about 0.2 times the added Ni (II) in seawater medium.After reasonable calibration this processing method is used for the determination of Ni (II) in seawater samples successfully.The results show this developed method has high accuracy and precision,high sensitivity,large range of linearity and high speed.The method can,therefore,be employed at room temperature.     

变径洞室超前支护开挖模拟与分析

变径洞室开挖稳定性是地下工程重要的研究课题之一。尤其在围岩软弱的情况下,从小截面向大截面洞室开挖的过程中,会给施工带来很多安全方面的难题。通过有限差分数值分析方法研究了变径洞室的开挖稳定性,分析了拱部小导管超前注浆支护与非超前支护两种施工方法对工程的影响。计算结果表明,由小截面向大截面洞室开挖,不稳定性因素增加,超前小导管注浆支护能够显著提高围岩的稳定性,明显减少了洞室的变形和塑性区,避免了软弱围岩开挖中塌方现象的产生。研究成果对洞室施工具有指导意义。     

堆积层-基岩接触面滑坡的形成机理——以祖师庙滑坡为例

为了研究堆积层-基岩接触面滑坡的形成机理,以陕西省岚皋县广泛分布的堆积层-基岩接触面滑坡为研究对象,采用野外调查和数理统计的方法,总结了该类型滑坡的基本特征,并以祖师庙滑坡为例,借助室内试验和数值模拟手段,研究了堆积层-基岩接触面滑坡的形成机理。结果表明:1)堆积层-基岩接触面滑坡主要发育在坡度为20°~40°、下伏基岩为碎裂状结构的斜坡,多为浅表层滑坡;2)碎石土和堆积层-基岩接触面的内摩擦角随含水量增大而降低,堆积层-基岩接触面是斜坡变形破坏的软弱结构面;3)细颗粒物质的增加降低了堆积层-基岩接触面的内摩擦角,且细颗粒粒径越小,内摩擦角也越小,在饱和状态下降幅度越大;4)因细颗粒物质在堆积层-基岩接触面处聚集造成的强度降低和因水文地质条件改变造成的滑带土饱和是祖师庙滑坡主要的诱发因素。研究结果对揭示堆积层-基岩接触面滑坡的形成机理和地质灾害防治具有一定的指导意义。     

汉江上游郧县庹家湾剖面光释光测年及意义

在野外考察基础上选择湖北郧县庹家湾剖面为研究对象。在对磁化率和粒度进行分析的同时,用单片再生剂量法进行了光释光测年（OSL）地层断代。OSL测年数据显示：剖面样品年龄处在55.11~13.57 ka BP,且与地层深度呈现出良好的对应关系,此剖面为黄土风化堆积形成。黏粒含量、黏粒/粉砂值以及磁化率值等气候替代性指标数值在马兰黄土层228~260 cm和294~370 cm深度明显高于典型马兰黄土（L₁）,具有明显的成壤特征,通过OSL测年数据判断时间为27.26~21.59 ka BP,说明在晚更新世时期气候并非持续稳定的寒冷干旱,而是具有一定的波动,在此期间气候相对温暖湿润,而且此次气候事件在黄土高原地区其他沉积记录中也有良好记录。     

不同分布距离的软弱夹层对洞室稳定性的影响研究

软弱夹层等不良结构面对地下洞室的围岩稳定与支护结构安全起着决定性的作用,本文研究了顶部分布有软弱夹层隧洞的围岩稳定性与支护结构安全性,重点研究了夹层分布距离分别为0.2B,0.5B,1.0B（B为洞跨）3种情况,总结了夹层分布距离与洞周关键点位移、围岩应力、围岩塑性区的关系,分析了不同的分布距离下喷层的受力状况,并进一步探讨了常见围岩类型(II类、III类、IV类)中不同分布距离的软弱夹层对地下洞室围岩稳定性的影响,得出了不同分布距离软弱夹层对围岩变形、应力、支护结构受力影响的一些量化成果。研究成果可望对地下洞室选线（址）、支护系统优化以及施工有借鉴意义与指导作用。     

全长黏结式锚索对软岩洞室的加固效应研究

采用为研究软岩洞室中自由式预应力锚索加固效应而进行的物理模型试验中的相关参数,在假设注浆体与岩石孔壁之间的摩阻力与其之间的相对位移存在比例关系,以及该摩阻力最大值与岩体力学性质,运用岩体与锚索单元网格自由剖分的方法,通过数值计算,对全长黏结式锚索在软岩洞室中的加固效应进行了研究,得到了洞壁开挖位移曲线以及锚柱表面摩阻力、锚柱轴力的分布曲线。研究结果表明,锚固洞室开挖位移大大减少;位于岩体活动区及稳定区的锚柱体上的摩阻力变化幅度不同;锚柱最大轴力点的位置是变化的等结论。     

接触单元对边坡稳定分析影响的仿真研究

在边坡稳定问题的研究中引入了接触单元的概念,基于局部破坏理论,提出了一种新的边坡稳定系数的计算方法。同时与传统方法进行了对比分析,实例计算结果比较准确,结果表明该计算方法是可行的和准确的。从而进一步证明了局部破坏理论的正确性和边坡软弱结构面是控制边坡稳定的关键因素。     

纵横波速度反演在气层识别中的应用

提出一种部分叠加资料的反演方法。部分叠加资料保留了原有的大量信息,在测井及构造层位的约束下,建立最符合地下实际情况的初始模型。通过非线性最优化理论,采用逐道外推技术,能同时反演出每一个点更准确的纵波和横波速度,进而可以求得纵横波速度比及泊松比,为储层预测和储集层内的流体识别提供丰富的弹性参数信息。     

Approximate Relation Between the Ray Vector and the Wave Normal in Weakly Anisotropic Media

Determination of the ray vector (the unit vector specifying the direction of the group velocity vector) corresponding to a given wave normal (the unit vector parallel to the phase velocity vector or slowness vector) in an arbitrary anisotropic medium can be performed using the exact formula following from the ray tracing equations. The determination of the wave normal from the ray vector is, generally, a more complicated task, which is usually solved iteratively. We present a first-order perturbation formula for the approximate determination of the ray vector from a given wave normal and vice versa. The formula is applicable to qP as well as qS waves in directions, in which the waves can be dealt with separately (i.e. outside singular directions of qS waves). Performance of the approximate formulae is illustrated on models of transversely isotropic and orthorhombic symmetry. We show that the formula for the determination of the ray vector from the wave normal yields rather accurate results even for strong anisotropy. The formula for the determination of the wave normal from the ray vector works reasonably well in directions, in which the considered waves have convex slowness surfaces. Otherwise, it can yield, especially for stronger anisotropy, rather distorted results.