综合物探在地铁隧道工程建设中的应用

介绍了在地铁隧道工程建设中使用探地雷达与瑞雷波法结合轻便动力触探技术检测软弱地基的经验和几点认识,并讨论了该勘察方法的应用条件和优缺点。     

冀北地区低缓地球化学异常的找矿意义

冀北地区1:5万水系沉积物测量圈定的大量地球化学异常,大部分为低缓异常或单元素异常.在“高、大、全”异常区发现了丰宁银矿等一批大、中型矿床,同样在低缓异常区也发现了万全寺、茶棚等中小型矿床,证明有利的构造部位和火山-侵入活动区的低缓异常,也具有很好的找矿指示意义.     

Crustal and upper mantle S-wave velocity structures across the Taiwan Strait from ambient seismic noise and teleseismic Rayleigh wave analyses

Although orogeny tapers off in western Taiwan large and small earthquakes do occur in the Taiwan Strait, a region largely untouched in previous studies owing mostly to logistical reasons. But the overall crustal structure of this region is of particular interest as it may provide a hint of the proto-Taiwan before the orogeny.By combining time domain empirical Green’s function (TDEGF) from ambient seismic noise using station-pairs and traditional surface wave two-station method (TS) we are able to construct Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion curves between 5 and 120 s. Using Broadband Array in Taiwan for Seismology (BATS) stations in Taiwan and in and across the Strait we are able to derive average 1-D Vs structures in different parts of this region. The results show significant shear velocity differences in the upper 15 km crust as expected. In general, the highest Vs in the upper crust observed in the coastal area of Mainland China and the lowest Vs appears along the southwest offshore of the Taiwan Island; they differ by about 0.6–1.1 km/s. For different parts of the Strait, the upper crust Vs structures are lower in the middle by about 0.1–0.2 km/s relative to those in the northern and southern parts. The upper mantle Vs structure (Moho – 150 km) beneath the Taiwan Strait is about 0.1–0.3 km/s lower than the AK135 model. The overall crustal thickness is approximately 30 km, much thinner and less variable than under the Taiwan Island. The inversion of seismic velocity structures using shorter period band dispersion data in the sea areas with water depth deeper than 1000 m should take water layer into consideration except for the continental shelves.     

S-wave velocity structure of the North China from inversion of Rayleigh wave phase velocity

We constructed the S-wave velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle (10–100 km) beneath the North China based on the teleseismic data recorded by 187 portable broadband stations deployed in this region. The traditional two-step inversion scheme was adopted. Firstly, we measured the interstation fundamental Rayleigh wave phase velocity of 10–60 s and imaged the phase velocity distributions using the Tarantola inversion method. Secondly, we inverted the 1-D S-wave velocity structure with a grid spacing of 0.25° × 0.25° and constructed the 3-D S-wave velocity structure of the North China. The 3-D S-wave velocity model provides valuable information about the destruction mechanism and geodynamics of the North China Craton (NCC). The S-wave velocity structures in the northwestern and southwestern sides of the North–South Gravity Lineament (NSGL) are obviously different. The southeastern side is high velocity (high-V) while the northeastern side is low velocity (low-V) at the depth of 60–80 km. The upwelling asthenosphere above the stagnated Pacific plate may cause the destruction of the Eastern Block and form the NSGL. A prominent low-V anomaly exists around Datong from 50 to 100 km, which may due to the upwelling asthenosphere originating from the mantle transition zone beneath the Western Block. The upwelling asthenosphere beneath the Datong may also contribute to the destruction of the Eastern Block. The Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault zone (ZPFZ) may cut through the lithosphere and act as a channel of the upwelling asthenosphere. A noticeable low-V zone also exists in the lower crust and upper mantle lid (30–50 km) beneath the Beijing–Tianjin–Tangshan (BTT) region, which may be caused by the upwelling asthenosphere through the ZPFZ.     

弱变形域成矿及其地质意义

控制热液矿床的成矿构造可分为两大类,一类是由构造动力破坏(构造致裂)为主形成的成矿构造——简称构造型成矿构造,另一类是由流体动力破坏(液压致裂)为主形成的成矿构造——简称流体型成矿构造。在分解变形构造场中,构造型成矿构造一般受控于面型强变形带(P域),而流体型成矿构造一般受控于构造透镜体弱变形域(Q域)。通过对典型控矿构造透镜体系统的解析,认为在韧性域与脆–韧性域,剪切带可以通过变形分解形成由面型强变形带组成的成矿场与由透镜状弱变形域组成的成矿场。当剪切带分别处于韧性、脆–韧性及脆性域时,强变形成矿场在韧性变形条件下不成矿,而在脆–韧性及脆性变形条件下则成矿;弱变形成矿场在韧性域与脆–韧性域时成矿,而在脆性域时则不成矿。上述既有联系又有差别的两类成矿场的对比研究,不仅有助于矿床建模、成矿预测与成矿构造、矿床成因等的深入研究,而且有助于将构造动力、流体动力、成矿构造、成矿流体等要素有机统一,建立构造透镜体型成矿系统;有助于揭示变形分解作用、液压致裂作用、构造泵吸作用三者之间的耦合关系,丰富成矿构造学的研究内容。     

微动探测：地层分层和隐伏断裂构造探测的新方法

微动探测作为地层分层和隐伏断裂构造探测的物探新方法,已成为盆地结构调查、地热井位选址和隐伏地质构造探测的重要物探手段.微动测深确定岩性差异较大的地质界面,如新生界地层底界、侏罗系与二叠系地层分界面、二叠系-石炭系灰岩顶界面等,深度误差可控制在5％左右.断层破碎带/隐伏断裂构造在微动视S波速度剖面上显示为低速异常或明显的速度差异,易于识别、解释.二维微动剖面技术已在探测隐伏地质构造(断层、陷落柱等)方面取得较好地质效果.本文介绍其原理、方法和应用实例.     

湖南省夏季极端降水异常时空特征及其成因分析

利用湖南省88站常规观测资料、NCEP全球再分析资料,采用EOF分解和合成分析方法研究了湖南省1961—2014年极端降水的年际变化异常和时空特征,以及极端降水异常的环流成因。并主要分析了由EOF方法分析得出的第一类极端降水形态(一致偏多或偏少型)与环流异常之间的联系。结果表明,湖南省夏季极端降水分布有较大的空间差异,且湖南省极端降水呈明显增强的趋势。由于极端降水的变化周期与大尺度环流固有的2～4 a周期相同,因此大尺度环流的变化是湖南省极端降水异常的主要成因。大尺度环流的变异引起中国东部经向排列的环流异常分布,使得高度场和风场等气候场产生变异,从而引起湖南省极端降水的异常。从极端降水偏多年与偏少年大气环流的差值场可以看出:湖南省处于显著差异区,湖南省极端降水偏多(偏少)主要是由于北方的偏北风加强(减弱)和经西太平洋—南海进入湖南地区的西南风加强(减弱)并在湖南地区产生辐合(辐散)。当夏季东亚副热带西风急流偏南时,湖南正处在偏南较强西风急流的南侧,较强西风急流所产生的抽吸现象使得上层空气辐散,增加了湖南省极端降水的强度。副热带高压强度偏强、位置偏南、偏西,使得东亚夏季风偏弱,导致气流辐合稳定在湖南省,造成极端降水偏强。前冬中东太平洋海温偏暖(EI Ni1o)/偏冷(La Ni1a),湖南地区的极端降水容易一致偏多/偏少。同时黑潮暖流区也是影响湖南极端降水变化的可能原因。     

两个移速快、强度强、路径相似的台风过程分析

0814强台风"HAGUPIT"和9615台风"SALLY"具有移速快、强度强、路径相似的特点,通过分析得出,500 hPa不断加强的大陆副热带高压,南侧偏东引导气流加强,使热带气旋移速不断加快,而且与热带气旋同向移动增强的副热带高压,使其移速更快。越赤道气流增强和维持,给热带气旋不断输送能量,对流层高层强辐散,弱纬向风垂直切变都有利于热带气旋显著加强和维持。     

一次强对流风暴的新一代天气雷达特征分析

利用兰州皋兰山的CINRAD/CC多普勒天气雷达资料,对2005年5月30日15～19时发生在甘肃中部地区的一次强对流风暴进行了分析。引起此次强对流风暴的中尺度天气系统是飑线,飑线尾部位于甘肃中部的强雷暴区在15时生成,沿东南方向移动,在16时15分至17时03分多单体风暴加强合并为超级单体风暴,并呈现出人字型回波、带状回波特征。此次超级单体南边出现2条明显的出流边界,一条位于钩状回波的西南,一条位于钩状回波的东南。超级单体左前方的低层反射率因子呈现明显的倒“V”字型结构,最大的回波强度出现在有界弱回波区之上,其值>70 dBZ,相应径向速度图呈现出成熟的中气旋特征,期间垂直液态水含量持续偏高,最大垂直累积液态水含量>70 kg/m2,回波顶高达17～18 km,该风暴具有强烈超级单体风暴的典型特征。     

十堰一次强对流天气雷达回波特征

利用十堰714C天气雷达回波资料,结合其它天气资料,分析了2004年7月6日发生在十堰境内的强对流天气过程。结果表明,这次强对流天气是在有利的大尺度天气形势下产生的,局地环境CAPE指数大,水平风的垂直切变较强。强降雹由多单体强风暴造成,回波强度强,高度较高,顶部有旁瓣假回波,低层存在弱回波区（WER）。雹云移动明显右偏于高空风,属右移风暴,以右后侧和右前侧传播方式发展。强降雹由后一种传播方式造成,初始回波从半空生成,云顶高度较高,强中心位于云体中上层。