特超稠油油藏水平井蒸汽驱油物理模拟实验

以胜利油田A区块特超稠油油藏为目标区块,自主研发了高温高压二维比例物理模型,研究了不同开发阶段水平井蒸汽驱油机理,开展了油藏压力、井底干 度、注汽强度对水平井蒸汽驱的效果影响的研究。物模实验结果显示,蒸汽驱整个过程分为三个阶段：存水回采期、汽驱受效期、蒸汽突破期。存水回采期蒸汽腔向水平方向扩展,以水平驱替方式为主 ;汽驱受效期蒸汽腔向垂向和水平方向扩展,以水平驱替方式为主,纵向泄油为辅;后期蒸汽突破,蒸汽腔继续向上方扩展,以纵向泄油为主,实现油层整体动用。5 MPa时转蒸汽驱的采出程度高于7 MPa时转蒸汽驱的采出程度;蒸汽驱的井底蒸汽干度应不低于0.4,蒸汽干度越高,水平井蒸汽驱的开发效果越好;注汽强度为1.9 t/(d·ha·m)时温度场最为发育。同时,在高压下提高干度可实现水 平井蒸汽驱的有效开发。以上的实验结果较好地指导了胜利油田A区块特超稠油油藏水平井蒸汽驱开发,取得了明显的开发效果,该研究对于类似稠油和超稠油油藏水平井蒸汽驱开发具有重要的指导意义 。     

距离法定量评价储层地质模型的不确定性

针对目前常用的储层地质模型不确定性评价方法存在的主要问题,提出了先用距离函数计算模型之间的差异,再以差异的大小来判断不确定性大小的方法.以WZ油田西区为例,采用相控物性参数建模技术,利用顺序高斯模拟方法建立渗透率的三维模型.对各种度量差异的距离函数进行对比研究和分析,结果显示曼哈顿距离函数和欧氏距离函数能较好地刻画模型之间的差异.选用欧氏距离函数计算模型之间的差异,其原理是先计算每两个模型之间相对应的每一网格节点的渗透率值差的平方和,然后取平方根,得到一个表征各模型之间差异的矩阵.根据该矩阵可得到各个模型之间的差异程度,差异越大,不确定性就越大.最后通过对比模型过井剖面图分析结果与距离矩阵分析结果,说明了本方法的正确性,结果显示该方法能有效评价随机模拟生成的储层地质模型的不确定性.     

中国高精度土地覆盖数据在RegCM4/CLM模式中的引入及其对区域气候模拟影响的分析

基于中国1:100万植被图和1:600万植被区划图, 按照通用陆面模式CLM植被功能型分类标准, 制作了可用于CLM及RegCM4区域气候模式的25 km×25 km分辨率的中国高精度土地覆盖数据(简称VEG数据). 相比CLM默认使用的土地覆盖数据(简称ORG数据), VEG数据不仅能提供更多的土地覆盖局地特征, 还纠正了ORG数据中裸地和农作物的比例偏高、 灌木的比例偏低等误差. 对比使用两套土地覆盖数据的RegCM4多年连续积分结果, 分析了不同土地覆盖分布对气温、 降水等的影响, 并从地表能量收支的角度给出影响机理解释. 结果显示: VEG数据的使用, 使得模式对冬季气温和降水的模拟能力有一定提高, 模式在南部区域偏干偏冷的系统误差有所减弱; 采用VEG数据后, 由于粗糙度、 反照率等下垫面参数的改变及云量的变化, 使得地表能量收支发生显著调整. 青藏高原地区的气温变化与湍流通量和长波辐射的变化有密切的联系, 主要源自粗糙度引起的湍流通量增加、 以及云量引起的向下净长波辐射增加. 而在中国中部和南部, 短波辐射变化更为明显, 它与地表反照率的变化相一致. 基于所制作的土地覆盖数据, 可广泛应用于CLM模式在中国区域的应用之中.     

冷冻管直径对冻土冻结影响规律的试验研究

近年来冻结施工方法越来越多地使用在城市土木工程施工中,但由于受冻土冻结理论基础的缺失和研究方法的局限,长时间以来人们对冻结法的设计始终没有找到较为理想的方案,参数变量选取遇到很大困难,同时在施工阶段没有较为标准统一的技术规范参照,使得该工法的实际应用往往出现工程量浪费、施工混乱和工程质量无保障等情况,而其中冷冻管直径是主要影响参数。通过同轴管土体冻结试验的研究,采用不同直径的冷冻管进行冻结试验,利用Fluent模型分析冻结过程的温度场分布规律,确定了最优冷冻管管径的选择方法,为冻结法的设计及施工提供依据。     

Numerical modeling of toxic nonaqueous phase liquid removal from contaminated groundwater systems: mesh effect and discretization error estimation

Numerical modeling has now become an indispensable tool for investigating the fundamental mechanisms of toxic nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) removal from contaminated groundwater systems. Because the domain of a contaminated groundwater system may involve irregular shapes in geometry, it is necessary to use general quadrilateral elements, in which two neighbor sides are no longer perpendicular to each other. This can cause numerical errors on the computational simulation results due to mesh discretization effect. After the dimensionless governing equations of NAPL dissolution problems are briefly described, the propagation theory of the mesh discretization error associated with a NAPL dissolution system is first presented for a rectangular domain and then extended to a trapezoidal domain. This leads to the establishment of the finger‐amplitude growing theory that is associated with both the corner effect that takes place just at the entrance of the flow in a trapezoidal domain and the mesh discretization effect that occurs in the whole NAPL dissolution system of the trapezoidal domain. This theory can be used to make the approximate error estimation of the corresponding computational simulation results. The related theoretical analysis and numerical results have demonstrated the following: (1) both the corner effect and the mesh discretization effect can be quantitatively viewed as a kind of small perturbation, which can grow in unstable NAPL dissolution systems, so that they can have some considerable effects on the computational results of such systems; (2) the proposed finger‐amplitude growing theory associated with the corner effect at the entrance of a trapezoidal domain is useful for correctly explaining why the finger at either the top or bottom boundary grows much faster than that within the interior of the trapezoidal domain; (3) the proposed finger‐amplitude growing theory associated with the mesh discretization error in the NAPL dissolution system of a trapezoidal domain can be used for quantitatively assessing the correctness of computational simulations of NAPL dissolution front instability problems in trapezoidal domains, so that we can ensure that the computational simulation results are controlled by the physics of the NAPL dissolution system, rather than by the numerical artifacts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Visual MODFLOW在煤矿建设地下水环境影响评价中的应用 ——以甘肃省灵台县安家庄煤矿为例

结合甘肃省灵台县安家庄煤矿地下水环境影响评价实例,建立了评价区水文地质概念模型,并基于Visual MODFLOW对评价区地下水进行了数值模拟计算和验证;预报了设计开采条件下研究区不同含水层的地下水水位。预报结果表明:矿坑排水使得煤层所在含水层出现疏干现象,并且疏干范围随着开采范围的增加而不断扩大;在煤矿开采作用下,随着模拟时间的延续,煤系层上覆白垩系洛河组—宜君组含水层地下水位降落漏斗的范围及地下水位下降幅度不断增大,但降落漏斗的范围基本上不超过采空区范围;煤矿开采对白垩系环河组含水层无影响,至矿区开采期结束,未引起含水层水位下降;对上部孔隙、裂隙潜水含水层也无影响,至矿区开采期结束未引起含水层水位下降。     

RCCC-WBM水量平衡模型在北方典型流域的适用性研究

流域水文模型是开展环境变化影响分析和水资源评价的重要工具。以山西省的5个不同尺度的代表性流域为研究对象,分析了RCCC-WBM模型在山西省的区域适用性。结果表明:RCCC-WBM模型能够较好地模拟出山西省径流年内分配特征和年代际变化特点,对典型流域月径流量模拟的Nash-Sutcliffe模型效率系数超过65%,水量模拟误差也较小,该模型在山西省具有较好的适用性,可以用于山西省水资源评价等方面的科学研究。     

青藏高原巴颜喀拉地块构造形变特征的数值模拟

1997年以来发生在青藏高原主体的一系列强震均围绕巴颜喀拉地块周缘断裂带分布。在现今GPS观测的约束下,利用弹塑性平面应力有限元模型,模拟分析了巴颜喀拉地块在周缘断裂带控制下的构造形变特征。结果表明,弹性模型不能解释现今利用GPS观测到的巴颜喀拉地块的构造形变特征,当昆仑山断裂带中段和玉树—鲜水河断裂带处于塑性屈服状态（有较大相对滑动）时,计算得到的速度场与GPS的观测值吻合较好,表明该区现今的地壳运动主要被这2条断裂的变形所吸收。进一步的模拟分析发现,如果依据断裂带上强震的复发周期给定各个断裂带的相对塑性屈服强度,则在玉树—鲜水河断裂带和东昆仑断裂带中段进入塑性屈服之后,玛尔盖茶卡—若拉岗日断裂带玛尼段和黑石北湖断裂带会先后进入破裂滑动状态,东昆仑断裂带东段和龙门山断裂带南段最后进入屈服状态,指示巴颜喀拉地块的整体运动在周缘断裂带控制下具有分段性和分期性。     

西藏某水电站左岸坝肩边坡地震稳定性分析

地震作用下岩质高边坡的稳定性历来是边坡稳定性研究中的重点,难度比较大。总结了对地震边坡进行工程地质分析的方法,并结合西藏某拟建水电站所在区工程地质条件,对地震作用下该水电站的边坡的稳定性进行工程地质分析;建立数值模型,采用有限差分程序FLAC 3D对地震作用下该边坡的动力稳定性进行分析。由工程地质分析可知,该边坡在地震作用下整体处于稳定状态;拟静力法计算可知,地震对该边坡的稳定性有一定影响;通过地震动力时程分析可知,地震对边坡顶部和坡面附近的影响较大,因而这些地方危险较大;同时还分析了地震波频率、振幅对稳定性的影响以及断层对地震波传播的影响规律。     

Shallow landslides in deeply weathered slates of the Sierra de Collcerola (Catalonian Coastal Range, Spain)

Stability conditions in an area located NW of Barcelona (Spain) are discussed. Here, several mass movements were observed, mainly affecting weathered Paleozoic slates. Many of these failures involved slopes cut along recent infrastructures: debris flows, wedge and plane failures, generally surficial, occurred more frequently. After a detailed geological and geomorphologic survey, geomechanic characterization was carried out, according to RMR and SMR classifications. This rating gave a prediction of slope behaviour, in fairly good agreement with the real observed one.

Stability numerical analysis was carried out for the main cut slopes, based upon the Limit Equilibrium Method. First of all, the deterministic factor of safety was computed using the mean values of parameters. After that, a simulation technique based upon the Monte Carlo Method was applied in order to obtain factor of safety distributions. The probability of failure was estimated as P(F<1).

Finally, results from deterministic and probabilistic approaches were compared. The effectiveness of different possible remedial measures was highlighted by means of a sensitivity analysis, which showed that the more important parameters in the study area are the geometrical ones (height, slope and failure plane angles). The final technical solutions adopted are briefly outlined.