A parallel mesh-free contaminant transport model based on the Analytic Element and Streamline Methods

This paper introduces a new method for simulating large-scale subsurface contaminant transport that combines an Analytic Element Method (AEM) groundwater flow solution with a split-operator Streamline Method for modeling reactive transport. The key feature of the method is the manner in which the vertically integrated AEM flow solution is used to construct three-dimensional particle tracks that define the geometry of the Streamline Method. The inherently parallel nature of the algorithm supports the development of reactive transport models for spatial domains much larger than current grid-based methods. The applicability of the new approach is verified for cases with negligible transverse dispersion through comparisons to analytic solutions and existing numerical solutions, and parallel performance is demonstrated through a realistic test problem based on the regional-scale transport of agricultural contaminants from spatially distributed sources.     

On the role of buoyancy force in the ore genesis of SEDEX deposits: Example from Northern Australia

Finite element modeling on a highly conceptualized 2-D model of fluid flow and heat transport is un-dertaken to simulate the paleo-hydrological system as if the Mount Isa deposits were being formed in the Mount Isa basin, Northern Australia, and to evaluate the potential of buoyancy force in driving ba-sin-scale fluid flow for the formation of sedimentary-exhalative (SEDEX) deposits. Our numerical case studies indicate that buoyancy-driven fluid flow is controlled mainly by the fault penetration depth and i...     

薄油层时移地震差异波形特征探讨

开发导致的时移地震差异代表了油藏的岩石物理性质变化,本文从差异波形角度出发,明确了声波阻抗界面的反射系数与油层声波阻抗变化之间的函数关系,进而分析薄油层时移地震差异波形特征.通过分析得出,开发前后油层阻抗变化越大,时移地震的差异振幅幅度越大;薄油层的差异波形特征仅与油层的声波阻抗变化有关,油层声波阻抗增大导致与地震子波微分形式相同的差异波形,油层声波阻抗减小产生的差异波形与180°相位的地震子波微分形式相同;油层声波阻抗变化方向导致差异波形振幅幅度变化的快慢.     

中、强震数字记录波形及震相特征分析

本文从地质构造、波列特征、P波初动、S-P到时差、主要震相、最大振幅、震中距等方面着手对沈阳台记录到的中、强震进行分析,力求归纳出国内和国外不同区域的波形和震相特征。     

低幅度构造识别技术在Carmen油田三维工区的应用

近年来,随着油田勘探开发的深入,规模小,构造幅度低的油气藏所占比例逐年上升,低幅度构造也逐渐受到重视.本文分析了低幅度构造的特点及地震反射特征,结合工区实际情况,提出了在地震资料解释阶段研究低幅度构造的流程和思路,总结了针对低幅度构造的主要识别方法:地震正演模拟、井控提高分辨率处理、层位精细解释、三维速度场分析、构造图倾角校正等.通过以上技术在Carmen油田三维工区识别了12个低幅度构造,结合地质、测井资料综合分析优选了两个钻探目标,取得了较好的勘探效果.     

复杂二维/三维大地电磁的有限单元法正演模拟策略

复杂二维和三维大地电磁模型的正演数值模拟具有一定的挑战性。对于复杂的二维和三维大地电磁正演问题,我们采用有限单元法进行求解。有限单元法最后形成一个线性方程组,系数矩阵是大型稀疏的带状对称复系数矩阵,并且其条件数远大于1,为严重病态矩阵,求解其对应方程组会遇到很多困难。不完全LU分解处理的Bi-CGSTAB迭代方法可用于该线性方程组的求解,并且具有速度快、精度高和稳定性好等优点;为了模拟无穷远边界及满足计算机的内存需求,在保证计算精度的情况下设计了非均匀网格剖分;在程序编制中,只存储有限元系数矩阵的非零元素,大大减少了正演计算的时间。通过对二维和三维模型电磁响应的计算,验证了算法的正确性。     

An Atlas of ShakeMaps and population exposure catalog for earthquake loss modeling

We present an Atlas of ShakeMaps and a catalog of human population exposures to moderate-to-strong ground shaking (EXPO-CAT) for recent historical earthquakes (1973–2007). The common purpose of the Atlas and exposure catalog is to calibrate earthquake loss models to be used in the US Geological Survey’s Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER). The full ShakeMap Atlas currently comprises over 5,600 earthquakes from January 1973 through December 2007, with almost 500 of these maps constrained—to varying degrees—by instrumental ground motions, macroseismic intensity data, community internet intensity observations, and published earthquake rupture models. The catalog of human exposures is derived using current PAGER methodologies. Exposure to discrete levels of shaking intensity is obtained by correlating Atlas ShakeMaps with a global population database. Combining this population exposure dataset with historical earthquake loss data, such as PAGER-CAT, provides a useful resource for calibrating loss methodologies against a systematically-derived set of ShakeMap hazard outputs. We illustrate two example uses for EXPO-CAT; (1) simple objective ranking of country vulnerability to earthquakes, and; (2) the influence of time-of-day on earthquake mortality. In general, we observe that countries in similar geographic regions with similar construction practices tend to cluster spatially in terms of relative vulnerability. We also find little quantitative evidence to suggest that time-of-day is a significant factor in earthquake mortality. Moreover, earthquake mortality appears to be more systematically linked to the population exposed to severe ground shaking (Modified Mercalli Intensity VIII+). Finally, equipped with the full Atlas of ShakeMaps, we merge each of these maps and find the maximum estimated peak ground acceleration at any grid point in the world for the past 35 years. We subsequently compare this “composite ShakeMap” with existing global hazard models, calculating the spatial area of the existing hazard maps exceeded by the combined ShakeMap ground motions. In general, these analyses suggest that existing global, and regional, hazard maps tend to overestimate hazard. Both the Atlas of ShakeMaps and EXPO-CAT have many potential uses for examining earthquake risk and epidemiology. All of the datasets discussed herein are available for download on the PAGER Web page (). T. I. Allen and M. G. Hearne—contracted through Synergetics Incorporated.     

A bivariate pareto model for drought

Univariate Pareto distributions have been so widely used in hydrology. It seems however that bivariate or multivariate Pareto distributions have not yet found applications in hydrology, especially with respect to drought. In this note, a drought application is described by assuming a bivariate Pareto model for the joint distribution drought durations and drought severity in the State of Nebraska. Based on this model, exact distributions are derived for the inter arrival time, magnitude and the proportion of droughts. Estimates of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 year return periods are derived for the three variables, drought duration, drought severity and the pairwise combinations: (drought duration, drought severity), (inter arrival time of drought, proportion of drought) and (drought duration, drought magnitude). These return period estimates could have an important role in hydrology, for example, with respect to measures of vegetation water stress for plants in water-controlled ecosystems.     

弹性波正演模拟中改进的非分裂式PML实现方法(英文)

在弹性波有限差分正演模拟中,吸收边界条件常用来吸收截断边界处引入的不期望边界反射,其中完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件被认为是目前最理想的吸收边界条件。但是PML吸收边界条件的传统实现却存在着很大不足:全局分裂式PML吸收边界条件实现简单但是需要占用太多内存;局部分裂式PML吸收边界条件需要考虑多个边界和角点区域,编程实现非常复杂;非分裂式PML吸收边界条件由于涉及卷积运算,计算量很大。本文基于非分裂式PML吸收边界条件,结合复频移伸展函数,提出了一种新的数值实现方法,其计算方程简单、占用内存小、编程实现容易,是对PML介质理论数值实现的改进和完善。     

弹性波正演模拟中PML吸收边界条件的改进

在弹性波有限差分正演模拟中, 完全匹配层(PML) 吸收边界条件是使用广泛、吸收效果最好的吸收边界条件.在目前的两种PML实现方法中, 分裂形式的完全匹配层(SPML) 方法计算存储量大、编程实现复杂; 非分裂形式的完全匹配层(NPML) 方法计算效率低、计算过程复杂.针对传统PML吸收边界条件在实现过程中存在的问题, 推导出了一种简洁有效的非卷积实现的NPML吸收边界条件, 既不需要对场分量进行分裂, 也不需要做复杂的卷积运算.分析结果表明, 本文实现的NPML吸收边界条件不仅具有良好的吸收衰减性能, 而且计算方程简单, 编程实现容易, 占有内存更小.