变性水团软划分的一种FUZZY模式

在已知研究海区水团核心的前提下,考虑到各种指标对标识水团的不同贡献,提出了一种水团软划分的FUZZY模式。利用1987年5—6月黄东海的温、盐和溶解氧实测资料进行计算,与已有成果作了对比,结果令人满意。     

海洋心血管药物及活性物质的研究现状与展望

按照海洋心血管活性成分的化学分类，本文较系统地列举了该领域中的研究成果和动态，对有代表意义的重点药物作较详细的评述，并探讨了有关海洋心血管药物研究工作的特点及发展前景。     

闽江口的盐、淡水混合

采用盐、淡水混合比的概念研究闽江口的混合状态，并确定了分层、部分混合、高度混合３种类型的分类指标。研究表明，闽江口主要水道的盐、淡水混合以部分混合为主，其次是分层，高度混合出现的机率较少；盐水异重流发育良好，混合状态的变化与潮流速的变化不相一致；盐水入侵时混合比相对较小，后退时相对较大。闽江口是一个径、潮量比值较小的强潮河口，按照一般规律，其盐、淡水混合应该出现高度混合型，但在闽江口的主汊道中发生     

Shenzhou-4 spaceborne altimeter waveform processing and significant wave height retrieval

1IntroductionSZ-4spaceborne,launched on30December2002,is the fourth unmanned spaceborne of China.Multimode microwave remote sensor is its primaryload,of which the altimeter mode is the most impor-tant one.During about five months,a large numberofSZ-4altim…     

基于Landsat-8 的湛江东海岛地物分类研究

“宝钢湛江项目”的实施对近十年湛江东海岛的地物分布产生剧烈影响，尤其是工业用地。本文基于2013 年、2017 年和2021 年的陆地卫星8 号（Landsat-8） 数据对湛江东海岛进行地物分类，研究该区域近十年的用地变化趋势。以2013 年数据为参照：采用归一化水体指数（Normalized Difference Water Index，NDWI） 模型和谱间关系模型实现水陆分离，比对选择分离效果较优者以提取东海岛岸线；对比最大似然法、神经网络法和支持向量机法3 种监督分类方法，选择提取地物效果最优者应用于其余数据。基于Google earth 在线地图及无人机实测数据构建验证点集，使用混淆矩阵进行精度评价。结果表明：谱间关系模型的水陆分离效果较优，提取海岛岸线的精确度有明显提升；支持向量机法的分类总体精度和Kappa 系数最高，分类结果能较好地反映研究区的真实地物分布；汇总三年数据的分类结果，发现用于发展工业的土地面积增长突出且处于持续增长趋势。谱间关系模型与支持向量机法分别实现了对东海岛岸线和地物类型的准确提取，得出近十年研究区的用地变化趋势，能为研究区的用地规划提供参考。     

River Classification as a Geographic Tool in the Age of Big Data and Global Change

Spatial classification is a well‐defined analysis method in geography, which involves defining regions of the Earth based on shared characteristics. An analogy can be made between classification in geography and taxonomy in biology, because both are used to reduce complexity. Just as modern evolutionary theory and genetics technologies have transformed biological taxonomy from the sometimes arbitrary classification of living things based on superficial similarities and differences into a system that reflects the history of life and relationships among organisms, modern advances in conceptual understanding and development of technology have similarly revolutionized classification in geography as a powerful method for describing and quantifying processes. Here, I describe the history and current trends of geographic classifications relevant to river systems. Overall, there is significant emerging potential in classification as a tool for understanding river processes     

Qualitative and quantitative characterization of a transitional shale reservoir: A case study from the Upper Carboniferous Taiyuan shale in the eastern uplift of Liaohe Depression,China

The paper takes the Upper Carboniferous Taiyuan shale in eastern uplift of Liaohe depression as an example to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the transitional (coal-associated coastal swamp) shale reservoir. Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscope (FIB-SEM), nano-CT, helium pycnometry, high-pressure mercury intrusion and low-pressure gas (N₂ & CO₂) adsorption for eight shale samples were taken to investigate the pore structures. Four types of pores, i.e., organic matter (OM) pores, interparticle (InterP) pores, intraparticle (IntraP) pores and micro-fractures are identified in the shale reservoir. Among them, intraP pores and micro-fractures are the major pore types. Slit-shaped pores are the major shape in the pore system, and the connectivity of the pore-throat system is interpreted to be moderate, which is subordinate to marine shale. The porosity from three dimension (3D) reconstruction of SEM images is lower than the porosity of helium pycnometry, while the porosity trend of the above two methods is the same. Combination of mercury intrusion and gas absorption reveals that nanometer-scale pores provide the main storage space, accounting for 87.16% of the pore volume and 99.85% of the surface area. Micropores contribute 34.74% of the total pore volume and 74.92% of the total pore surface area; and mesopores account for 48.27% of the total pore volume and 24.93% of the total pore surface area; and macropores contribute 16.99% of the total pore volume and 0.15% of the total pore surface area. Pores with a diameter of less than 10 nm contribute the most to the pore volume and the surface area, accounting for 70.29% and 97.70%, respectively. Based on single factor analysis, clay minerals are positively related to the volume and surface area of micropores, mesopores and macropores, which finally control the free gas in pores and adsorbed gas content on surface area. Unlike marine shale, TOC contributes little to the development of micropores. Brittle minerals inhibit pore development of Taiyuan shale, which proves the influence of clay minerals in the pore system.     

Explanatory analysis of the relationship between atmospheric circulation and occurrence of flood‐generating events in a coastal city

The aim of this study is to enhance the understanding of the occurrence of flood‐generating events in urban areas by analysing the relationship between large‐scale atmospheric circulation and extreme precipitation events, extreme sea water level events and their simultaneous occurrence, respectively. To describe the atmospheric circulation, we used the Lamb circulation type (LCT) classification and re‐grouped it into Lamb circulation classes (LCC). The daily LCCs/LCTs were connected with rare precipitation and water‐level events in Aarhus, a Danish coastal city. Westerly and cyclonic LCCs (W, C, SW and NW) showed a significantly high occurrence of extreme precipitation. Similarly, for extreme water‐level events westerly LCCs (W and SW) showed a significantly high occurrence. Significantly low occurrence of extreme precipitation and water‐level events was obtained in easterly LCCs (NE, E and SE). For concurrent events, significantly high occurrence was obtained in LCC W. We assessed the change in LCC occurrence frequency in the future based on two regional climate models (RCMs). The projections indicate that the westerly directions in LCCs are expected to increase in the future. Consequently, simultaneous occurrence of extreme water level and precipitation events is expected to increase in the future as a result of change in LCC frequencies. The RCM projections for LCC frequencies are uncertain because the representation of current LCCs is poor; a large number of days cannot be classified and the frequencies of the days that can be classified differ from the observed time series. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Potential of time‐lapse photography for identifying saturation area dynamics on agricultural hillslopes

Mapping saturation areas during rainfall events is important for understanding the dynamics of overland flow. In this study, we evaluate the potential of high temporal resolution time‐lapse photography for mapping the dynamics of saturation areas (i.e., areas where water is visually ponding on the surface) on the hillslope scale during natural rainfall. We take 1 image per minute over a 100 × 15 m² depression area on an agricultural field in the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory, Austria. The images are georectified and classified by an automated procedure, using grey intensity as a threshold to identify saturation area. The optimum threshold T is obtained by comparing saturation areas from the automated analysis with the manual analysis of 149 images. T is found to be highly correlated with an image brightness characteristic defined as the greyscale image histogram mode M (Pearson correlation r = 0.91). We estimate T as T = M + C where C is a calibration parameter assumed to be constant during each event. The automated procedure estimates the total saturation area close to the manual analysis with mean normalized root mean square error of 9% and 21% if C is calibrated for each event and taken constant for all events, respectively. The spatial patterns of saturation are estimated with a geometric mean accuracy index of 94% as compared to the manual analysis of the same photos. The patterns are tested against field observations for one date as a preliminary demonstration, which yields a root mean square error of the shortest distance between the measured boundary points and the automatically classified boundary as 23 cm. The usefulness of the patterns is illustrated by exploring run‐off generation processes of an example event. Overall, the proposed classification method based on grey intensity is found to process images with highly varying brightnesses well. It is more efficient than the manual tracing for a large number of images, which allows the exploration of surface flow processes at high temporal resolution.