Assessing regional‐scale spatio‐temporal patterns of groundwater–surface water interactions using a coupled SWAT‐MODFLOW model

Interaction between groundwater and surface water in watersheds has significant impacts on water management and water rights, nutrient loading from aquifers to streams, and in‐stream flow requirements for aquatic species. Of particular importance are the spatial patterns of these interactions. This study explores the spatio‐temporal patterns of groundwater discharge to a river system in a semi‐arid region, with methods applied to the Sprague River Watershed (4100 km²) within the Upper Klamath Basin in Oregon, USA. Patterns of groundwater–surface water interaction are explored throughout the watershed during the 1970–2003 time period using a coupled SWAT‐MODFLOW model tested against streamflow, groundwater level and field‐estimated reach‐specific groundwater discharge rates. Daily time steps and coupling are used, with groundwater discharge rates calculated for each model computational point along the stream. Model results also are averaged by month and by year to determine seasonal and decadal trends in groundwater discharge rates. Results show high spatial variability in groundwater discharge, with several locations showing no groundwater/surface water interaction. Average annual groundwater discharge is 20.5 m³/s, with maximum and minimum rates occurring in September–October and March–April, respectively. Annual average rates increase by approximately 0.02 m³/s per year over the 34‐year period, negligible compared with the average annual rate, although 70% of the stream network experiences an increase in groundwater discharge rate between 1970 and 2003. Results can assist with water management, identifying potential locations of heavy nutrient mass loading from the aquifer to streams and ecological assessment and planning focused on locations of high groundwater discharge. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

盐岩储气库注气排卤期剩余可排卤水分析

地下盐穴溶腔注气排卤过程中天然气和卤水共存,排卤管进入到卤水的深度及排卤速率决定了天然气是否会被卤水带出地表,如何调整后期排卤速率,降低排卤过程中带出天然气的风险,是注气排卤过程中的施工技术难题。针对该问题,采用流场分析理论对注气排卤后期盐岩储库腔底流场进行了模拟分析,得到排卤管外壁卤水向下流速;根据天然气气泡在卤水中的运移速率,分析确定了注气排卤后期不同剩余卤水深度下的安全排卤速率,为施工后期注气排卤速率调整提供了技术支撑。     

软刚臂单点系泊系统静力特性分析

软刚臂系泊系统是一种利用压载质量为浮式生产储油装置(FPSO)提供回复力的单点系泊方式。为快速准确地评估多铰接组成的软刚臂系统的受力状态,避免应用高复杂度的有限元软件,进而快速完成优化设计等任务,建立一种静力计算方法十分有必要。因此,针对由刚臂(YOKE)、柔性系泊腿和压载舱组成的刚柔多体系统,以分解组合的方式,提出一种二维静力计算方法,用以研究FPSO软刚臂系泊系统的静力特性。该方法主要依靠软刚臂的几何构型,在有限铰接约束下,形成非线性静力平衡方程,建立了压载舱式水上软刚臂单点系泊系统二维静力平衡计算算法。采用OrcaFlex、SESAM等软件开展了理论和数值对比分析,同时与系泊试验结果开展验证分析。对比结果表明,文中所提方法计算精度较高,可为软刚臂单点系泊系统的研究提供可靠支持。     

水源涵养功能概念的生态和水文视角辨析

水源涵养是评价陆地生态系统服务功能的重要指标,然而学界对水源涵养功能概念和计算方法仍存在诸多争论。这一方面说明水源涵养功能评估具有重要的现实意义,同时也说明其概念的复杂性和模糊性,亟需从生态学和水文学的基本理论出发,厘清水源涵养功能概念的内涵和评估方法,促进科学决策和有效管理。研究水源涵养功能时,生态学家更关注陆地生态系统的蓄水能力（Smax）,而水文学家更关注流域的产流量（Q）,两者均具有合理性,但各有侧重,若不分别辨析,极易造成概念混淆。理论和数据分析表明,蓄水能力和产流量虽然联系紧密,但概念完全不同。陆地生态系统的Smax决定了流域对降水的分配：即蒸散发（绿水）和Q（蓝水）,Smax和Q在降水量一定的情况下往往存在此消彼长的关系。研究发现生态系统的根区蓄水能力（SRmax）是联系绿水和蓝水的核心要素,是水源涵养功能评估的关键变量。大尺度根区蓄水能力主要由气候决定,可借鉴工程水文中设计水库的累积曲线法,根据生态系统用水的生存策略通过气候反演。最后,本文提出3点建议：(1)在实践中分别评估生态系统的绿水和蓝水涵养功能;(2)进一步全面考虑冰川积雪、地下水等多要素的水源涵养功能;(3)...     

液压阻尼系统（HDS）控制立式钢制储罐地震响应分析

本文采用液压阻尼系统（HDS）控制立式圆柱钢制储罐的地震反应，建立了安装HDS储罐的力学分析模型，并进行了数值计算，从频域对安装HDS后储罐的地震响应进行了分析，研究了HDS的减震效果和HDS和HDS参数对储罐地震反应的影响。     

大地电磁测深法在冀中坳陷深部碳酸盐岩热储调查评价中的应用

地热资源作为一种清洁能源,在“双碳”背景下,其开发和利用越来越受到重视。为了探查渤海湾盆地的冀中坳陷深部碳酸盐岩的热储条件,笔者等利用3条大地电磁测深剖面,进行了数据处理、分析和反演,获得可靠的二维电阻率模型和电阻率等深度平面图。分析研究区深部电性结构特征及主要断裂构造特征,同时根据基底隆起形成的高阻异常对深部碳酸盐岩分布和埋深进行了推断,并对冀中坳陷深部碳酸盐岩热储进行评价,以圈定地热异常远景区。分析认为：① 研究区电性结构可以被划分为5层,其中第5电性层为高阻标志层,对应深部碳酸盐岩基底;② 据此圈定了3类深部地热远景区：基岩埋深小于4000 m,如高阳低凸起地热远景区、黑龙口低凸起地热远景区（徐水凹陷）和河间潜山地热远景区（饶阳凹陷）,基岩埋深4000~5000 m,如雁翎潜山地热远景区（霸县凹陷）,基岩埋深5000~5500 m,如肃宁潜山地热远景区和留路潜山地热远景区;③ 大地电磁测深方法适用于冀中坳陷深部碳酸盐岩热储远景区的探查。深部热储远景区的圈定,可为后期的地热资源评价和开发利用建立基础。     

全过程联合校正方法在饶河流域洪水预报中的应用研究

为提高饶河流域洪水预报精度,将全过程联合校正(EPJC)方法与三水源新安江(XAJ)模型结合,按一定比例划分洪水预报总误差为各过程误差,基于系统响应理论反演得到面雨量计算误差和模型参数误差,重新输入流域水文模型正演得出校正后的洪水过程.选取洪峰流量相对误差、峰现时间绝对误差、径流深相对误差和确定性系数作为模型评价指标,...     

Impact of model development,calibration and validation decisions on hydrological simulations in West Lake Erie Basin

Watershed simulation models are used extensively to investigate hydrologic processes, landuse and climate change impacts, pollutant load assessments and best management practices (BMPs). Developing, calibrating and validating these models require a number of critical decisions that will influence the ability of the model to represent real world conditions. Understanding how these decisions influence model performance is crucial, especially when making science‐based policy decisions. This study used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in West Lake Erie Basin (WLEB) to examine the influence of several of these decisions on hydrological processes and streamflow simulations. Specifically, this study addressed the following objectives (1) demonstrate the importance of considering intra‐watershed processes during model development, (2) compare and evaluated spatial calibration versus calibration at outlet and (3) evaluate parameter transfers across temporal and spatial scales. A coarser resolution (HUC‐12) model and a finer resolution model (NHDPlus model) were used to support the objectives. Results showed that knowledge of watershed characteristics and intra‐watershed processes are critical to produced accurate and realistic hydrologic simulations. The spatial calibration strategy produced better results compared to outlet calibration strategy and provided more confidence. Transferring parameter values across spatial scales (i.e. from coarser resolution model to finer resolution model) needs additional fine tuning to produce realistic results. Transferring parameters across temporal scales (i.e. from monthly to yearly and daily time‐steps) performed well with a similar spatial resolution model. Furthermore, this study shows that relying solely on quantitative statistics without considering additional information can produce good but unrealistic simulations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

区域Gamma混合模型的SAR图像分割

针对传统Gamma混合模型用于SAR图像分割时忽略像素间空间相关性,导致分割结果不连续并产生大量误分割的现象,提出了区域Gamma混合模型的SAR图像分割算法。首先对图像进行分水岭分割,得到过分割区域块,然后将其作为输入样本进行基于Gamma混合模型的聚类,在模型的参数估计过程中进一步考虑区域间的空间相关性,设计邻域因子融入到迭代过程,得到邻域加权类分布概率。该算法充分利用像素间的空间相关性,能够降低噪声对分割结果的影响。通过合成图像和真实SAR图像的实验表明,本文算法能够实现SAR图像的准确分割。