用GMS5卫星反演水汽场分析中国西北地区大气水汽分布的气候特征

卫星遥感资料具有反演大气水汽含量的能力.由于山区降水一般随高度增加,而海拔高的地区大气柱的厚度比海拔低的地区薄,整层水汽含量少,使得大气总水汽含量与降水的分布在复杂地形情况下不吻合.为此,引入用卫星反演的单位大气柱水汽含量,较好地反映了降水的空间分布特征.分析结果表明,在云水条件上,西北地区东部具备了较好的实施人工增雨(雪)的条件,尤其在春、夏季,实施人工增雨(雪)的云水条件更加优越.     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPRING KUROSHIO SSTA AND SUMMER RAINFALL IN CHINA

Based on the data of SST and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the relationship is analyzed of spring SSTA in the Kuroshio region with summer precipitation in China, summer 500 hPa field and water vapor transport, using the methods of Morlet wave, correlation and composite analysis. The results show that annual and interdecadal change of spring SST in the Kuroshio region is distinct. Spring SST displays a significantly increasing trend and there exist different periodic oscillations in the Kuroshio region, with the 23-year periodic oscillation being the most obvious. Troughs and ridges in the mid- and higher- latitudes turn deeper in high Kuroshio SSTA years. At the same time, the western Pacific subtropical high strengthens and stretches westwards. As a result, the warm / wet air from the west of the subtropical high locates in the mid- and lower- reaches of the Yangtze River and south China and summer rainfall in the above regions increases accordingly. Composite anomalous water vapor flux fields indicate that the vapor transport from the South China Sea and western Pacific and the vapor from the north converge over the mid- and lower- reaches of the Yangtze River and south China, which results in the increase of the summer rainfall in the mid- and lower- reaches of the Yangtze River and south China. On the contrary, the summer rainfall in the mid- and lower- reaches of the Yangtze River and south China decreases correspondingly in low Kuroshio SSTA years.     

Cutting of Phragmites australis as a lake restoration technique: Productivity calculation and nutrient removal in Wuliangsuhai Lake, northern China

Reed is one of the most frequent and dominant species in wetlands all over the world, with common reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) as the most widely distributed species. In many wetlands, P. australis plays a highly ambivalent role. On the one hand, in many wetlands it purifies wastewater, provides habitat for numerous species, and is a potentially valuable raw material, while on the other hand it is an invasive species which expands aggressively, prevents fishing, blocks ditches and waterways, and builds monospecies stands. This paper uses the eutrophic reed-swamp of Wuliangsuhai Lake in Inner Mongolia, northern China, as a case to present the multiple benefits of regular reed cutting. The reed area and aboveground biomass production are calculated based on field data. Combined with data about water and reed nutrient content, the impact of reed cutting on the lake nutrient budget (N and P) is investigated. Currently, at this lake around 100,000 tons of reed are harvested in winter annually, removing 16% and 8% of the total nitrogen and phosphorus influx, respectively. Harvesting all available winter reed could increase the nutrient removal rates to 48% and 24%, respectively. We also consider the effects of summer harvesting, in which reed biomass removal could overcompensate for the nutrient influx but could potentially reduce reed regrowth.     

基于自然解决方案的黄河中游国土空间生态修复——以陕西榆林国土空间生态修复为例

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展是重大国家战略,要推进黄河流域大保护、大治理,保障黄河长治久安,让黄河成为造福人民的幸福河,在生态保护修复过程中加强对自然生态系统本身恢复能力的利用,突出水资源保护与优化配置,已成为黄河流域及黄土高原地区生态修复中亟需解决的重要科学问题。在分析陕西省榆林市生态特征与生态功能定位的基础上,运用现状调查、综合评判等方法识别当前存在的主要生态问题,比如水土流失、矿山生态破坏、黄河沿岸生态系统脆弱、局部地区地下水位下降趋势明显等。针对性地提出"保持水土资源,恢复自然生态"理念、以保水为主线的基于自然（NbS）的生态修复方案,构建了"一廊两带三区多点"的生态修复格局,形成了4种基于水和NbS的黄土高原地区生态修复模式,布置了16项生态修复工程。通过优化榆林地区生态修复理论与模式,增强对水资源的保护和利用,发展基于自然的生态修复模式,提高了黄河中游生态安全格局,进而促进了黄河流域高质量发展。研究成果为黄河中游国土空间生态修复提供了理论支持。     

Variability in the vertical hyporheic water exchange affected by hydraulic conductivity and river morphology at a natural confluent meander bend

River confluences and their associated tributaries are key morphodynamic nodes that play important roles in controlling hydraulic geometry and hyporheic water exchange in fluvial networks. However, the existing knowledge regarding hyporheic water exchange associated with river confluence morphology is relatively scarce. On January 14 and 15, 2016, the general hydraulic and morphological characteristics of the confluent meander bend (CMB) between the Juehe River and the Haohe River in the southern region of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China, were investigated. The patterns and magnitudes of vertical hyporheic water exchange (VHWE) were estimated based on a one‐dimensional heat steady‐state model, whereas the sediment vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_v) was calculated via in situ permeameter tests. The results demonstrated that 6 hydrodynamic zones and their extensions were observed at the CMB during the test period. These zones were likely controlled by the obtuse junction angle and low momentum flux ratio, influencing the sediment grain size distribution of the CMB. The VHWE patterns at the test site during the test period mostly showed upwelling flow dominated by regional groundwater discharging into the river. The occurrence of longitudinal downwelling and upwelling patterns along the meander bend at the CMB was likely subjected to the comprehensive influences of the local sinuosity of the meander bend and regional groundwater discharge and finally formed regional and local flow paths. Additionally, in dominated upwelling areas, the change in VHWE magnitudes was nearly consistent with that in K_v values, and higher values of both variables generally occurred in erosional zones near the thalweg paths of the CMB, which were mostly made up of sand and gravel. This was potentially caused by the erosional and depositional processes subjected to confluence morphology. Furthermore, lower K_v values observed in downwelling areas at the CMB were attributed to sediment clogging caused by local downwelling flow. The confluence morphology and sediment K_v are thus likely the driving factors that cause local variations in the VHWE of fluvial systems.     

浅水方程数值计算方法的研究

求解以水位为变量的连续方程,并根据Navier-Stokes方程压力修正算法的基本思想,建立了浅水方程的水位修正算法,放宽了对离散时间步长的限制.通过对离散方程系数矩阵的重新构造,建立了高分辨率有限元格式,该格式既具有较高的离散精度又避免了数值解的伪振荡.对动量方程的阻力项做负坡线性化处理,提高了露滩计算的稳定性.数值模拟结果与解析解吻合良好,表明所建立的数值计算方法是正确的和可靠的.     

我国东、西部夏季水汽输送特征及其差异

本文利用ERA-40再分析每日资料分析了我国东部季风区与西北干旱—半干旱区夏季1971～2000年气候平均的水汽输送特征及其差异, 分析结果表明我国东部季风区与西北干旱—半干旱区夏季气候平均的水汽输送特征有明显的差异。由于亚洲夏季风从孟加拉湾、 南海和热带西太平洋输送大量水汽到我国东部季风区, 故在东部季风区夏季经向水汽输送通量比纬向水汽输送通量大。而西北干旱—半干旱区受中纬度西风带的影响, 夏季纬向水汽输送通量比经向水汽输送通量大, 且此区域夏季无论纬向或者经向水汽输送通量均比东部季风区的水汽输送通量小一量级。并且, 分析结果还表明: 我国东部季风区由于湿度大, 故夏季水汽输送通量的散度不仅依赖于湿度平流, 而且依赖于风场的辐合、 辐散, 而西北干旱—半干旱区夏季水汽输送通量的散度主要依赖于湿度平流。此外, 分析结果还表明了我国东部季风区的水分平衡与西北干旱—半干旱区的水分平衡也有明显的不同。     

华北区域冰雹天气分型及云系特征

基于地面加密观测资料、FY-2E静止气象卫星观测资料和NCEP分析资料,选取2010—2012年华北区域内27次冰雹过程,按大气环流背景、主要影响系统和云系的云型特征等将其分为冷涡云系尾部型、低涡槽前型和偏北气流控制型3种类型。分析结果表明:3种天气型下冰雹对流云系特征存在差异,但90%以上的冰雹过程发生在对流云团的快速发展阶段中,降雹集中出现于准圆形或椭圆形对流云团边缘或带状对流云系的传播前沿区域,对应于云顶亮温梯度的大值区。在掌握背景环境的前提下,综合分析红外图像中对流系统的发展演变、水汽图像暗带和暗区变化等信息,对冰雹的监测和预警有一定的参考价值。定量统计分析表明,大的亮温梯度值 (不低于8 ℃/0.05°) 是辅助判断冰雹能否发生的重要参量,而当冰雹云同时具备低云顶亮温和大亮温梯度的情况下,更有利于大于10 mm大冰雹的发生。     

四川上空大气可降水量时空分布特征

本文利用94个气象台站30 a地面湿度参量资料,采用通过地面水汽压计算大气可降水量的经验公式,分析了四川上空大气可降水量时空分布特征,初步评估了四川地区的空中水资源。结果表明:(1)四川地区空中水资源十分丰富,开发潜力巨大:东部盆地区全年大气可降水量为1178.11 cm、降水效率8.98%;西部高山高原区全年大气可降水量为321.06 cm、降水效率21.16%。(2)大气可降水量和降水效率空间分布明显不均匀,东部盆地区大气可降水量远远高于西部高山高原区,降水效率则是西部高山高原区高于东部盆地区。(3)大气可降水量季节变化明显,一年之中夏季最多,秋季次之,冬季最少。西部高山高原区大气可降水量季节差异尤其显著。(4)30 a来,大气可降水量波动略呈线性增多,大气可降水量年际变化小。     

基于HYSPLIT4的一次四川盆地夏季暴雨水汽路径和源地分析

利用四川省156站气象资料、全球同化系统(GDAS)资料,引入拉格朗日混合单粒子轨道模型(HYSPLIT4),定量分析了2013年7月7—11日四川盆地西部暴雨的水汽输送情况。结果表明：此次暴雨过程的水汽主要来自950和850 hPa,并且两者的水汽路径和来源有着显著差别。后向追踪1天,950和850 hPa的水汽来源大值区都出现在四川盆地区;追踪3天,950 hPa的水汽来源大值区仍然在四川盆地附近,但是850 hPa上则追踪到孟加拉湾东部;追踪到9天时,950 hPa的水汽主要来源出现在阿拉伯海到我国南海地区,850 hPa上则追踪到索马里半岛东部。总体上950 hPa的水汽输送路径有五条,其中两条是北方路径,另外三条为南方路径。850 hPa的水汽输送路径有两条,一条是北方路径,另一条是南方路径。定量分析指出,950 hPa的水汽源地主要有四个,其中阿拉伯海—孟加拉湾地区的水汽输送贡献率最大（44.1%）,中南半岛—南海地区的水汽贡献率次之（33.1%）,巴尔喀什湖地区（15.7%）和贝加尔湖地区（7.1%）的水汽贡献率相对较弱。850 hPa上的水汽源地也有四个,其中从阿拉伯海地区,沿南亚夏季风爆发路径而来的暖湿空气最重要（89.4%）,其次从西北部巴尔喀什湖—贝加尔湖地区而来的干冷空气相对较弱（6.3%）,而来自孟加拉湾（3%）和局地（1.3%）的水汽则非常少。