Global trench migration velocities and slab migration induced upper mantle volume fluxes: Constraints to find an Earth reference frame based on minimizing viscous dissipation

Since the advent of plate tectonics different global reference frames have been used to describe the motion of plates and trenches. The difference in plate motion and trench migration between different reference frames can be substantial (up to 4 cm/yr). This study presents an overview of trench migration velocities for all the mature and incipient subduction zones on Earth as calculated in eight different global reference frames. Calculations show that, irrespective of the reference frame: (1) trench retreat always dominates over trench advance, with 62–78% of the 244 trench segments retreating; (2) the mean and median trench velocity are always positive (retreating) and within the range 1.3–1.5 cm/yr and 0.9–1.3 cm/yr, respectively; (3) rapid trench retreat is only observed close to lateral slab edges (< 1500 km); and (4) trench retreat is always slow far from slab edges (> 2000 km). These calculations are predicted by geodynamic models with a varying slab width, in which plate motion, trench motion and mantle flow result from subduction of dense slabs, suggesting that trench motion is indeed primarily driven by slab buoyancy forces and that proximity to a lateral slab edge exerts a dominant control on the trench migration velocity. Despite these four general conclusions, significant differences in velocities between such reference frames remain. It is therefore important to determine which reference frame most likely describes the true absolute velocities to get an understanding of the forces driving plate tectonics and mantle convection. It is here proposed that, based on fluid dynamic considerations and predictions from geodynamic modelling, the best candidate is the one, which optimises the number of trench segments that retreat, minimizes the trench–perpendicular trench migration velocity (v_T) in the centre of wide (> 4000 km) subduction zones, maximizes the number of retreating trench segments located within 2000 km of the closest lateral slab edge, minimizes the average of the absolute of the trench–perpendicular trench migration velocity (|v_T|) for all subduction zones on Earth, and minimizes the global upper mantle toroidal volume flux (_To) that results from trench migration and associated lateral slab migration (i.e. slab rollback or slab roll-forward). Calculations show that these conditions are best met in one particular Indo-Atlantic hotspot reference frame, where 75% of the subduction zones retreat, v_T in the centre of wide subduction zones ranges between − 3.5 and 1.8 cm/yr, 83% of the trench segments located within 2000 km of the closest lateral slab edge retreat, the average of |v_T| is 2.1 cm/yr, and _To = 456 km³/yr (lower limit) and 539 km³/yr (upper limit). Inclusion of all the incipient subduction zones on Earth results in slightly greater fluxes of 465 km³/yr (lower limit) and 569 km³/yr (upper limit). It is also found that this reference frame is close to minimizing the total sub-lithospheric upper mantle volume flux (_K) associated with motion of continental keels located below the major cratons. It is stressed, however, that _K is an order of magnitude smaller than _To, and thus of subordinate importance. In conclusion, the Indo-Atlantic hotspot reference frame appears preferable for calculating plate velocities and plate boundary velocities.     

Effects of coarse-grained material on hydraulic properties and shear strength of top soil

Sidewalk failures associated with top soil of low shear strength are a common problem in urban areas. Mixing top soil with granite chips can be used to increase its permeability and shear strength. The effects of mixing granite chips with top soils on the hydraulic properties and shear strength under saturated and unsaturated conditions were investigated in this study. The results showed that the mixing top soils with granite chips caused changes in several key parameters of the soil–water characteristic curve (e.g., the air-entry value, the residual matric suction, and the residual volumetric water content) and the unsaturated permeability of the top soils. The saturated permeability and shear strength of the soil mixture increased with increasing content of granite chips.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定生物样品中14个微量元素

利用微波消解技术使生物样品的前处理过程简单快捷,消解效果完全满足测定要求。消解溶液用电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定生物样品中14个微量元素铜、铅、锌、镉、钴、铬、镍、锂、钼、硼、铍、钍、铊、铀。通过对仪器工作条件的优化实验,确定了微波消解和质谱测量的条件。对大米和圆白菜国家一级标准物质样品进行测定,结果与标准值相符。各元素4次测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于6%。     

地质样品铜、铁、锌同位素标准物质的研制

合适的标准物质是进行同位素准确分析的基础和关键,本文介绍了基于地质样品的铜、铁、锌同位素分析标准参考物质的研制过程.所研制的标准物质为CAGSR-1,用于该标准物质研制的原始样品为玄武质组分的岩石成分分析国家标准物质GBW07105.按照国家一级标准的要求,对该标准物质进行了严格的均一性、稳定性检验和同位素定值分析.标准物质CAGSR-1的主要特性量值δ65Cu、δ56Fe、δ66Zn的推荐值及95%置信水平的不确定度为:δ65CuSRM976(‰)=0.10±0.02、δ56FeIRMM014(‰)=0.12±0.02、δ66ZnRomil(‰)=7.45±0.01.该标准物质可用于地质与环境样品铜、铁、锌同位素测定中化学流程评价和验证、质谱仪的校正及整个过程的分析质量控制.     

森林沼泽景观区有机质 对元素表生地球化学特征的影响机制

有机质干扰是困扰森林沼泽景观区化探工作多年的问题。对有机质对元素表生地球化学特征的影响机制进行了初步研究,结果表明:有机质主要通过直接吸附元素和改变环境的物理化学条件这两种方式对元素表生地球化学特征产生影响,两者之间又存在着密切的关系。研究结果较好地解释了由于有机质的干扰而使化探异常发生的变化。     

区域性地下水有机污染调查与评价方法

借鉴国外区域地下水污染调查经验,针对中国的实际情况,提出了中国区域地下水有机污染调查与评价方法。内容包括有机调查指标选取,采样井选择和清洗、样品采集、保存与送检,实验分析方法和目标检出限,样品野外采集质量控制和实验分析质量控制,有机污染物检出评价、超标评价和相关分析方法。     

磷矿粉复合保水材料的制备及性能研究

研究以过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺为主要原料,经部分酸化和无机材料改性处理的活化磷矿粉为主要添加原料,采用水溶液聚合法制备活化磷矿粉/PAA-AM复合保水材料。进而探讨活化磷矿粉添加量、中和度、交联剂和引发剂用量对复合保水剂吸液性能的影响。当中和度为70%、活化磷矿粉、交联剂、引发剂添加量分别为单体的45%,0.04%,0.5%时,所得复合保水材料吸蒸馏水、自来水、生理盐水倍率分别为390倍,200倍,62倍。通过释磷性能研究表明该复合材料具有较好的可持续供磷性能、有利于改良土壤、改善土壤的缺磷状况。同时,还通过谱学分析(XRD和F-IR),探讨该复合材料的释磷机理。     

3D激光扫描应用于开采沉陷相似材料模型观测

根据开采沉陷相似材料模型实验的特点,采用了三维激光扫描仪对开采沉陷相似材料模型进行观测,得到了测点的拟合与建模两种三维坐标数据,分析了模型的下沉曲线,实现了用三维激光扫描仪对开采沉陷相似材料模型观测新方法的研究.     

Certificate of Analysis of the Reference Material BRP-1 (Basalt Ribeirão Preto)

Reference materials (RM) are essential to achieve traceability of measurements. Specific uses of RM in analytical laboratories are the validation of methods, the calibration of instruments, the quality control and the demonstration of proficiency. This paper describes the certification of a new geochemical reference material, named BRP-1 (Basalt Ribeirão Preto), and acts as the certificate of analysis for this RM. The rock sample was crushed and pulverised at the USGS (Denver, USA), homogenised and split into 1920 bottles, with 55 g each. BRP-1 was transported back to Brazil and the homogeneity between and within bottles was assessed to demonstrate sufficient homogeneity for certification. The chemical characterisation was performed by twenty-five laboratories. Each laboratory received two bottles of BRP-1 and one of BCR-2 (Basalt Columbia River) used for quality control (QC). Reference values and uncertainties were calculated for forty-four constituents of BRP-1, following ISO Guide 35 recommendations and the IAG Protocol. The calculation of each reference value included data of proven traceability from at least ten laboratories using two or more analytical techniques and the uncertainties combines the characterisation and between bottle homogeneity contributions.     

基于乡村振兴战略的人居文化环境质量演变驱动机制研究——以长江中游城市群为例

实施乡村振兴战略,必将重塑中国现有乡村人居文化环境格局并形成城乡人居文化融合发展的新格局。在科学界定乡村人居文化环境的基础上,侧重解析长江中游城市群乡村人居文化环境的时空基底;并围绕乡村人居文化环境的质量测度,遴选影响人居文化环境变化的关键人类活动因子,构建由目标层、系统指标层、目标分解层与具体指标层所构成的评价指标体系;综合运用人地关系理论、复杂系统理论、景观生态理论,借助Delphi及AHP法和ArcGIS平台探析2005~2015年长江中游城市群地区的乡村人居文化环境时空演变特征。结果显示：① 长江中游城市群地区的乡村人居文化环境质量呈现差异化上升的趋势。宜昌、长株潭地区的乡村人居文化环境质量一直处于优良级别,武汉、南昌两大省会所辖乡村地区发展迅速,衡阳市、常德市等传统工业基地已由优良等级逐步降为较差或恶劣等级。② 乡村人居文化环境及子系统质量的演变并非完全同步。人居物质文化是人居文化环境系统演变的基础,直接带动了人居制度文化的优先演变,人居精神文化环境滞后于人居物质、制度文化环境的演变。③ 乡村人居文化环境的时空演变由政府体制机制扶持保障力、现代农业产业体系支撑多元主体需求力、农村公共设施服务力“四轮”共同驱动。