Effect of property variation and modelling on convection in a fluid overlying a porous layer

An accurate computational analysis is presented for the onset of thermal convection in a two‐layer system which is comprised of a saturated layer of porous material described by Darcy's law, over which lies a layer of the same saturating fluid. The two‐layer system is heated from below and the upper (fluid) surface is allowed to be fixed or stress free. The onset of convection may have a bi‐modal nature in which convection may be dominated by the porous medium or by the fluid depending on the depths of the relative layers, but this is strongly controlled by material parameters. The effect of variation of relevant fluid and porous material properties is investigated in detail, as is the effect of the interface boundary condition between the fluid and the porous medium. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云南建水水草冲铜矿矿床地质特征及成矿物质来源

本文通过研究云南建水水草冲铜矿地质特征、围岩玄武岩和矿石矿物的微量元素、S、C、O同位素的组成,示踪了该矿床的成矿物质来源和性质。研究结果表明,云南建水水草冲铜矿位于滇东南哀牢山变质体北侧,容矿围岩为峨眉山玄武岩,矿体受北东向逆断层及其次级断裂控制,延深大于延长,形状不规则,矿体内多夹灰岩角砾及矿化玄武岩角砾,矿石矿物主要为黄铜矿,矿化蚀变以硅化、碳酸盐化、绿泥石化为主。水草冲铜矿黄铜矿与黄铁矿稀土元素具有相同的稀土元素组成与含量,ΣREE平均为1.901×l0-6,富集轻稀土元素,轻重稀土元素比(LREE/HREE)平均为8.188,（La/Yb）N值平均为10.259;δEu值平均为0.977;Ce呈现弱负异常,δCe值平均为0.808。黄铁矿中的Co/Ni比值为0.835,显示水草冲铜矿床为中温热液矿床;黄铁矿的Y/Ho比值平均为38.23,表明水草冲铜矿床的成矿流体为混合来源。结合黄铁矿的稀土微量元素特征,推断水草冲铜矿床的成矿流体是Cl多于F的流体。S的来源复杂,黄铁矿δ34SCDT（‰）的变化范围（18.3~29.4）与海水硫酸盐(海相蒸发岩)的δ34S值接近或略低;黄铜矿δ34SCDT（‰）变化范围是-0.5~10.1,表明有深部硫的参与。δ13C V-PDB（0.9‰~2.6‰）,δ18O V-SMOW（14.3‰~15.9‰）反映了方解石流体可能为热液循环萃取沉积岩地层混合形成。综上,推测成矿物质为后期构造热液萃取围岩（玄武岩和灰岩等）所得,其中铜主要来自于玄武岩本身,而硫的来源以地层硫为主。     

矿物热敏参数测试仪及其在地质找矿中的应用

介绍了国内外第一台矿物热敏参数测试仪研制的原理、应用范围和对一些金属矿物、半导体矿物的测试情况以及仪器在浙江、赣南等地区金矿找矿中的初步应用。     

中条裂谷的幔柱构造与成矿

中条山地区的地球物理场具有“三低一高”(低波速、低密度、低黏度及高地热异常)特点,变质核杂岩中赋存有科马堤岩并具“双层”结构,火成岩呈“双峰”状态,变质期的古地温为522～608℃,压力0.3～0.73GPa,地热梯度23℃/km,表明中条山地区为新太古代-元古宙的大陆裂谷—地幔热柱构造.其成矿作用存在着“四代同堂”的成矿模式,成矿期与岩浆侵入期的时差甚小;成矿空间上,大多数矿床沿着裂谷内两组断裂呈X型“对称式”展布,有益元素矿物组合及成矿温度自中心向周围呈有规律降低趋势.由于在新太古代以前,富铜的扬子板块俯冲至华北板块之下,促使中条裂谷的地壳加厚,形成丰富的成矿物质场,因为地幔热柱脉动式隆升,热液在运移过程中不断萃取地壳的铜质,故成为区域内独特的铜矿集中区.     

氯对测定化合水的影响及其校正研究

用差热和热（失）重法、ｐＨ值检验、离子色谱等分析方法考察和证实了Ｃｌ－对平菲尔特管重量法测定化合水（Ｈ２Ｏ＋）的干扰,研究其影响规律,提出用系数校正方法可获得Ｈ２Ｏ＋的准确结果。方法用于含氯深海沉积物和大洋多金属结核标准物质中Ｈ２Ｏ＋的定值分析,取得满意结果     

小秦岭金矿床成矿作用及成矿物质来源

根据小秦岭地区太华群花岗-绿岩地体的形成和演化,通过太华群主要地层及岩浆岩常量元素、微量元素、稀土元素组成特征分析,对金的演化和成矿地球化学、物理化学进行分析探讨。认为本区太华群是金的矿源层,与金矿空间关系密切的燕山期文峪花岗岩体是太华群及其以下壳幔物质重熔形成的,它控制本区金异常及金矿的分布,但是岩体仅作为驱动金富集成矿的热动力,而没有提供主要的成矿物质来源。小秦岭金矿床为热液型矿床,成矿热液以岩浆水为主,混合天水成矿。成矿热液属于弱酸-弱碱性,成矿温度为中偏高温。     

Grain size composition and transport of sedimentary organic carbon in the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) Estuary and Hangzhou Bay and their adjacent waters

Surface sediments from the Changjiang River(Yangtze River) Estuary,Hangzhou Bay,and their adjacent waters were analyzed for their grain size distribution,organic carbon(OC) concentration,and stable carbon isotope composition(δ13C).Based on this analysis,about 36 surface sediment samples were selected from various environments and separated into sand(0.250 mm,0.125–0.250 mm,0.063–0.125 mm) and silt(0.025–0.063 mm)fractions by wet-sieving fractionation methods,and further into silt-(0.004–0.025 mm) and clay-sized(0.004mm) fractions by centrifugal fractionation.Sediments of six grain size categories were analyzed for their OC andδ13C contents to explore the grain size composition and transport paths of sedimentary OC in the study area.From fine to coarse fractions,the OC content was 1.18%,0.51%,0.46%,0.42%,0.99%,and 0.48%,respectively,while theδ13C was –21.64‰,–22.03‰,–22.52‰,–22.46‰,–22.36‰,and –22.28‰,respectively.In each size category,the OC contribution was 42.96%,26.06%,9.82%,5.75%,7.09%,and 8.33%,respectively.The OC content in clay and fine silt fractions(0.025 mm) was about 69.02%.High OC concentrations were mainly found in offshore modern sediments in the northeast of the Changjiang River Estuary,in modern sediments in the lower estuary of the Changjiang River and Hangzhou Bay,and in Cyclonic Eddy modern sediments to the southwest of the Cheju Island.Integrating the distribution of terrestrial OC content of each grain size category with the δ13C of the bulk sediment indicated that the terrestrial organic material in the Changjiang River Estuary was transported seaward and dispersed to the Cyclonic Eddy modern sediments to the southwest of the Cheju Island via two pathways:one was a result of the Changjiang River Diluted Water(CDW) northeastward extending branch driven by the North Jiangsu Coastal Current and the Yellow Sea Coastal Current,while the other one was the result of the CDW southward extending branch driven by the Taiwan Warm Current.     

日照市土壤地球化学元素分布规律及成因探讨

在日照市开展多目标区域地球化学调查,获取了表层土壤和深层土壤地球化学数据,通过对获得的地球化学参数进行统计分析,确定了日照市土壤地球化学基准值和背景值,认为日照市除部分元素或指标外,大部分元素或指标土壤地球化学基准值和背景值与全省土壤地球化学基准值和背景值接近。研究发现,日照市As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb,Zn等8种重金属元素背景值含量低于国家土壤环境质量标准的土壤一级标准限值,日照市土壤质量基本保持自然背景水平;而受工业化生产和城市化建设等后期人为活动影响,日照市表层土壤中Cd,C,Hg,N,P,S,Se,Corg等元素或指标出现明显富集,应引起重视。     

Determination of Ga,Ge, Mo,Ag, Cd,In, Sn,Sb, W,Tl and Bi in USGS Whole‐Rock Reference Materials by Standard Addition ICP‐MS

A procedure for determining a wide range of chalcophile and siderophile elements in typical crustal rocks using standard addition and ICP‐SFMS (inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry) is presented. New results for Ga, Ge, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, W, Tl and Bi abundances in USGS whole‐rock reference materials AGV‐2, BHVO‐1, BIR‐1, G‐2, GSP‐1 and W‐2 are reported using this analytical procedure. Intermediate precision of means based on multiple dissolved aliquots of each USGS reference material was 10% RSD or better for Ga, Ge, In and Sn in all, and similarly good for Ag, Cd, Sb, Tl and Bi in most reference materials. Poorer intermediate precision of Mo and W measurements in several reference materials is probably due to higher analytical blanks on these elements and powder heterogeneity due to a sulfide‐related nugget effect in the specific case of Mo in GSP‐1. Results for all elements fell within the range of available published data with the exception of Ag, which yielded systematically higher concentrations than found in the literature for five of the six reference materials, likely reflecting interference from unresolved polyatomic species.     

浙江安吉港口多金属矿床铅物质来源初探——铅同位素证据

位于浙西北安吉港口的铅锌银(钼)多金属矿床,是新近在钦杭成矿带东北缘发现的一个产于大陆环境且具较好前景的矿床.文章通过对矿区坞山关杂岩体三套岩性单元、细粒花岗岩和方铅矿铅同位素的全面对比研究,探讨了矿床的铅物源岩浆岩.矿区中的方铅矿为含较高放射性成因铅的J-型铅,在铅同位素的V1-V2和△γ-Δβ图解中,本次研究的样品分别落入华南和岩浆作用上地壳混合地幔铅范围,显示出方铅矿与华南地球化学省壳幔混合岩浆作用的密切关系.矿区铅锌矿体的方铅矿铅同位素比值显示其具有共同的物质来源,并基本保持了细粒花岗岩206Pb/204Pb值的特征,而207Pb/204Pb值具有坞山关杂岩体和细粒花岗岩混合的特征,208Pb/204Pb和208Pb/206Pb值则仅显示出与细粒花岗岩最相近.方铅矿铅同位素比值特征和比值等值线分布形式显示,铅主要来源于细粒花岗岩,杂岩体对铅成矿贡献了少量的206Pb和207Pb,矿区地层对铅成矿贡献了一定的208Pb.安吉矿区进一步针对铅的找矿工作围绕细粒花岗岩展开,取得成果的可能性更大.