Modelling flow and sediment trapping upstream and within grass buffer strips

Grass buffer strips impact the hydrology of flow and consequently the fate of sediment. A complex process‐based model is developed to predict flow characteristics as well as sediment deposition and transport upstream, and within grass strips. The model is capable of estimating the proportion and amount of different sediment particle size classes in the outflow. The modified Green–Ampt equation was used to simulate infiltration. Gradually varied flow and kinematic wave approximation were used to model flow characteristics upstream and within grass strips. The GUEST model approach has been modified in order to use its basic approaches in sediment transport module in grass strips. Model predictions agree well with the results of two sets of controlled experiments. The bias, coefficient of model efficiency and the root mean squared error of the modelled efficiency of grass strips in reducing sediment concentration were 0.93–0.99, 0.58–0.99 and 8.9–12.7, respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed that the initial soil moisture and flow rate are the most sensitive parameters in predicting runoff loss. Increasing the slope steepness and flow rate dramatically decreases the efficiency of grass strips in reducing sediment concentration and mass. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2000—2020年中国荒漠化潜在发生范围区林草覆被时空变化特征

干旱地区林草植被生长动态变化是研究荒漠化形成发展和演变过程的重要依据。本文基于改进方向性像元二分模型构建的2000—2020年中国荒漠化潜在发生范围区（PEDC）年植被覆盖度数据集,采用Sen+Mann-Kendall时间序列趋势变化检测方法,分析了2000—2020年PEDC,特别是林草覆盖区的植被生长状况时空变化特征。研究结果表明：① 2000—2020年,PEDC平均植被覆盖度为0.284,改进的植被覆盖度估算结果能够较好地反映研究区植被覆盖状况,估算精度为86.98%。PEDC植被生长状况不断趋好,其中干旱区表现最为突出,显著增加区域达到了48%,而亚湿润干旱区平均增长量最大为0.1。② 林草生态恢复工程措施效果显著,但植被恢复是个长期缓慢的过程,特别是林草面积的恢复。2000—2010年林草面积增加较少（0.002%）;2010—2020年增加较多（0.371%）。③ 2000—2020年PEDC林地植被改善最明显,草地则较为稳定,植被覆盖度显著性增加区域分别为76.4%和71.8%。其中林地植被覆盖度在亚湿润干旱区增长量最大为0.15,而整个研究区草地增长了0.06。本文更深入地掌握PEDC林草覆盖区长时间序列植被生长状况,为进一步制定和实施各项生态工程提供重要信息参考。     

草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)出血病二价细胞灭活疫苗体液免疫效果及免疫保护率评价研究

草鱼出血病是由草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)引起的草鱼养殖业一种严重的病毒性出血病,给草鱼养殖产业造成重大损失。该病毒是一种双链分节段RNA病毒,根据GCRV多个病毒分离株基因序列分析及临床发病特点,共有三种基因型GCRV,其中基因Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型较为流行。通过细胞分离培养基因Ⅰ型(GCRV-ZV8909)和Ⅱ型(GCRV-HZ13) GCRV,研制出草鱼出血病二价细胞灭活疫苗,通过绝对定量的方法,测定基因Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型的病毒含量分别为2.0×10⁹及1.5×10⁶ copies/mL。用生理盐水将其分别进行50倍稀释和100倍稀释,包括原液及生理盐水对照共4组,分别腹腔注射免疫(20±5)g健康草鱼,剂量均为0.2mL/尾,每组40尾,各组于免疫后3、5、7、14、21、28、42、56、70、84 d分别取3尾采集血液制备血清。分别利用经原核表达并纯化制备两种基因型GCRV的VP7蛋白以及实验室保存的草鱼IgM单抗,建立了三抗体夹心酶联免疫方法(TAS-ELISA)分析评价疫苗体液免疫效果。结果表明,草鱼经腹腔注射不同剂量的细胞灭活疫苗后,与对照组相比,各免疫组血清抗体均有不同程度的提高,且原液组与50倍稀释组基本持平,但都高于100倍稀释组,各免疫组在免疫后5d即可检测到两种基因型GCRV抗体,且抗体水平持续到84d,但两种基因型抗体水平达到高峰的时间不一致,抗基因Ⅰ型GCRV抗体达到高峰是在28d,抗基因Ⅱ型GCRV抗体是在14d达到高峰。两种基因型抗体水平达到高峰时的血清效价分别为1︰800、1︰600。免疫保护率实验结果表明,原液组保护率最高,为67%,50倍稀释组为60%,100倍稀释组只有33%。     

草鱼网围养殖区声波的研究

对网围养殖区内草鱼的活动声波进行了采集与分析,并将采集的声波进行了回放。结果表明,草鱼网围养殖区声波频率范围为0~3.2 kHz,整个频段内没有宽带波峰。在草鱼饥饿、食饵和饱食的不同状态下养殖区内的水声特性有一定的差异。研究表明在网围养殖区通过声波回放能对草鱼起到诱集作用,在投饵回放、投饵不回放及不投饵回放声波的情况下,草鱼的响应时间分别为2.55、3.504、.80 min,存在显著差异。回放持续性声波和间隔性声波在响应时间上不存在显著差异。     

不同草原类型天然牧草生长发育气象条件分析

通过对内蒙古草原3种不同草原类型,牧草生长发育过程和气象条件关系的分析研究,得出:主要牧草各发育期所需≥0℃积温变幅值和天然牧草各生育期所需热量;牧草返青与黄枯期主要取决于温度状况,而与水分关系较小;利用前10天的平均气温可以判断某生长期的发育进程;牧草对水分的需求主要体现在生长盛期,在典型草原和荒漠区更为明显,适当的干旱可使牧草有早熟现象;牧草的产量主要取决于水热搭配状况,通常情况下水分是典型草原与荒漠草原牧草产量的限制因子,热量可成为草甸草原的限制因子。旬降水量草甸草原达40mm、典型草原达30mm、草原化荒漠达10mm,产量有明显增加。     

The Department of Agriculture and pasture improvement, 1892–1914

Abstract:  Even before 1900, the emphasis in New Zealand agriculture shifted from extensive agriculture to more intensive use of existing farmland through pasture improvement. Examination of the contribution of the Department of Agriculture, which together with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research activated the later 'grasslands revolution', shows both the extent and the limits of its role in pasture improvement before 1914. It is suggested that until then, the prime agents in this transformation were not Department of Agriculture staff but rather enlightened farmers, with co-operation between them on an equal footing towards the end of the period.     

Estimation of green grass/herb biomass from airborne hyperspectral imagery using spectral indices and partial least squares regression

The main objective was to determine whether partial least squares (PLS) regression improves grass/herb biomass estimation when compared with hyperspectral indices, that is normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and red-edge position (REP). To achieve this objective, fresh green grass/herb biomass and airborne images (HyMap) were collected in the Majella National Park, Italy in the summer of 2005. The predictive performances of hyperspectral indices and PLS regression models were then determined and compared using calibration (n = 30) and test (n = 12) data sets. The regression model derived from NDVI computed from bands at 740 and 771 nm produced a lower standard error of prediction (SEP = 264 g m⁻²) on the test data compared with the standard NDVI involving bands at 665 and 801 nm (SEP = 331 g m⁻²), but comparable results with REPs determined by various methods (SEP = 261 to 295 g m⁻²). PLS regression models based on original, derivative and continuum-removed spectra produced lower prediction errors (SEP = 149 to 256 g m⁻²) compared with NDVI and REP models. The lowest prediction error (SEP = 149 g m⁻², 19% of mean) was obtained with PLS regression involving continuum-removed bands. In conclusion, PLS regression based on airborne hyperspectral imagery provides a better alternative to univariate regression involving hyperspectral indices for grass/herb biomass estimation in the Majella National Park.     

A rare case of grass flow induced by the M8.4 Arequipa earthquake, June 2001, in the Altiplano of Northern Chile

On June 23, 2001, an M8.4 earthquake that originated in southern Peru triggered the partial collapse of the Chislluma bofedal (water meadows) in the Altiplano (high-altitude plateau) of northern Chile. The seismic waves evidently produced the liquefaction of the bofedal and caused its partial collapse generating a flow. The flow deposit was mainly made of long-fiber grass and water, with minor amounts of clastic material. It traveled more than 14 km downstream at a peak velocity of 50 km/h. It destroyed the water meadows and killed more than 20 llamas. Slurry flows caused by meadow liquefaction are a previously unrecognized seismic-induced geological hazard for high-altitude plateau areas such as the Altiplano.     

天然草地牧草产量遥感综合监测预测模型研究

利用天然草地牧草光谱观测资料、牧草产量资料、气象资料和NOAA／AVHRR资料，建立了天然草地牧草产量光谱植被指数和卫星遥感监测模型、气监测模型，提供及时准确地掌握牧草产量变化的科学手段。建立了天然草地牧草产量遥感预测模型及气象预测模型，可以根据需要提供不同时效的卫星遥感预测结果和气象模型预测结果。气象模型精度较高，但气象站点有限，往往以点代面；遥感技术宏观性强，空间信息丰富，可以弥补气象模型的不足；两者既可以互相验证，又可以取长补短。1995年以后服务表明，这些模型达到牧业气象业务服务的要求。     

遥感和GIS支持下的中国退耕还林还草决策分析

1998年的特大洪水灾害，以及2000年京津地区的沙尘暴，使得中国政府对生态环境的建设更加重视。为了改善中国的生态环境，就需要恢复植被，一些耕地就需要退耕还林还草。哪些耕地需要退耕还林还草，这些耕地在空间上的分布情况如何？为此，探讨了利用地理信息系统技术确定需要退耕还林还草耕地的数量及其空间分布。包括4个步骤。首先，建立土地利用、土壤侵蚀、数字高程、坡度、坡向、植被指数、降雨和温度等数据库，并对生态环境质量进行评价，从而得到生态环境质量数据库；其次，从土地利用数据库中提取旱地的数据，并与坡度数据、土壤侵蚀数据、植被指数数据和生态环境质量数据进行叠加分析；再次，确定退耕还林还草的原则，并在GIS的支持下，确定需要退耕还林还草的面积及其空间分布；最后，利用降雨数据进一步分别确定退耕还林或还草的面积及其空间分布。该研究结果可以为中国的生态环境建设提供科学的决策依据。