Gibbs sampler for computing and propagating large covariance matrices

The use of sampling-based Monte Carlo methods for the computation and propagation of large covariance matrices in geodetic applications is investigated. In particular, the so-called Gibbs sampler, and its use in deriving covariance matrices by Monte Carlo integration, and in linear and nonlinear error propagation studies, is discussed. Modifications of this technique are given which improve in efficiency in situations where estimated parameters are highly correlated and normal matrices appear as ill-conditioned. This is a situation frequently encountered in satellite gravity field modelling. A synthetic experiment, where covariance matrices for spherical harmonic coefficients are estimated and propagated to geoid height covariance matrices, is described. In this case, the generated samples correspond to random realizations of errors of a gravity field model. AcknowledgementsThe authors are indebted to Pieter Visser and Pavel Ditmar for providing simulation output that was used in the GOCE error generation experiments. Furthermore, the NASA/NIMA/OSU team is acknowledged for providing public ftp access to the EGM96 error covariance matrix. The two anonymous reviewers are thanked for their valuable comments.     

浮球式海底取样器的结构及工作原理——海底取样技术介绍之四

介绍了浮球式海底取样器的结构、性能特点、典型应用及性能参数；论述了振动式及振动冲击式贯入理论的原理；并分析了海流及船体飘移对海上取样作业的影响及解决办法。     

金融创新与风险勘查投资机制创新

介绍了一种创新型金融工具－－风险投资的特征、运作方式、组织形式及其创新意义，对风险勘查投资机制的结构、功能与外部环境进行了全新的分析。     

顶空气相色谱法测定北京市地下水中的氯代烃

以国家标准方法和美国环保局（EPA）方法为基础，建立用自动顶空进样器对饮用水中的氯代烃进行测定的方法，探讨了影响实验空白的因素，所拟方法的检出限为：三氯甲烷0.096μg/L、四氯化碳0.034μg/L，三氯乙烯0.049μg/L，四氯乙烯0.033μg/L。方法回收率控制在82％－106％，其相对标准偏差（RSD，n=7)小于23％，符合国际有机污染物分析的标准，并用此方法对北京市地表水、地下水进行了测定。     

Estimation of the rate constant for the reaction of acid sulphate aerosol with NH3 gas from atmospheric measurements

Horizontal gradients in atmospheric aerosol strong acidity have been interpreted in terms of the rate of neutralisation of aerosol H⁺ by gaseous ammonia. The results indicate a pseudo-first-order rate constant for this reaction within the range 4×10^-6 s^-1 to 4.1×10^-4 s^-1 consistent with model results and experimental data derived by other methods. The rate constant is reduced as the aerosol becomes less acidic, which is reflected in a positive correlation between rate constant and aerosol H⁺/NH₄ ⁺ ratio.     

观测井水质垂向差异及对取样质量的影响

观测井水质垂向差异由三因素引起:抽、灌水过程中含水层水质改变、近井口表层水体氧化、含水层本身存在水质垂向分带。由此易造成不同浓度间水质弥散,从而对使用定深取样器取样带来影响。减缓取样器下放速度,适当加密取样频率有助于克服其影响。在观测井滤水管中部取样具有代表性,可用于定量研究。     

振动沉管灌注桩施工工艺

介绍了振动沉管灌注桩施工复杂地层的工艺，提高单桩承动力和成孔成桩效率的措施。讨论了取土器取土（砂）问题。评价了振动沉管灌注桩的应用前景。     

High spatial resolution monitoring of benzene and toluene in the Urban Area of Taranto (Italy)

Atmospheric concentrations of benzene and toluene were assessed during three different seasons in the city of Taranto, using Radiello® diffusive samplers, in order to detect the most critical areas and to point out the sources contributing to pollution (vehicular traffic or industrial activities). High spatial resolution maps were built using a grid of 30 meshes drawn on the urban area of the city. For each mesh a monitoring site as representative as possible was chosen. Besides, in order to describe the highest levels of pollutants to which people is exposed, other 10 sampling sites were detected near high vehicular traffic crossroads or in particular critical zones of the city. The measurements of the concentration of these pollutants were carried out with Radiello® diffusive samplers for thermal desorption. The analysis of the results and the comparison between the map of vehicular traffic flows and the map of the concentrations of benzene suggested that in urban area the main benzene source is the traffic and the most significant pollution phenomena happens in zones characterized by narrow roads. Moreover it was possible to observe that high concentrations of benzene found in the NE zone of Taranto could be assigned to the industrial activities. This hypothesis was confirmed considering the diagnostic ratio between the toluene and benzene concentrations.     

Novel mass-aggregation-based calibration of an acoustic method of monitoring bedload flux by infrequent desert flash floods

The monitoring of bedload flux under flash flood conditions has been successfully achieved since 1992 using slot samplers in the semiarid Nahal Eshtemoa. In the present study, a surrogate bedload monitoring technique - the Japanese plate microphone - has been deployed and calibrated against data from the slot samplers. Since a slot sampler has a sensitivity threshold that becomes especially important when transport rates are low, different averaging periods should be considered for high and low fluxes. In order to overcome the deficiencies of time-based aggregation used hitherto, we have developed a new method involving mass aggregation and commensurably variable intervals, thereby enabling a more accurate analysis and optimizing the bedload sampler's capabilities. The data derived with this new method has then been utilized to calibrate the Japanese plate microphone. The Eshtemoa is an ephemeral gravel bed channel with a high proportion of fine gravel (< 0.02 m); for these conditions, acoustic sensors have not been calibrated as yet. Two multiple linear regression models incorporating the effect of median bedload grain size on pulse rate have been established to predict bedload flux and cumulative transported bedload mass. The coefficients in these models are statistically significant. Good predictions are obtained for bedload flux (adj. r² = 0.83) and for cumulative bedload mass (adj. r² = 0.98) during flood recession. Overall, the multiple linear regression models, used in conjunction with the mass aggregation method of estimating bedload flux, suggest that field calibration of acoustic devices is feasible under these conditions for ca. 90% of the duration of bedload transport. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国创业投资城市网络空间结构演变研究

利用2007年和2017年创业投资事件数据和社会网络分析法构建中国地级及以上城市网络关系,分析种子期、初创期、扩张期和成熟期4个投资阶段创业投资城市网络的空间结构演变特征并对其影响因素进行计量分析。研究发现：4个阶段的创业投资城市网络均形成以三大城市群为核心联系区域的网络结构,并且均具有明显的高行政级别城市指向性;城市网络密度和中心化趋势均不断增强,且中后期阶段的紧密程度和协同化发展趋势领先于早期阶段;京沪深在4个阶段均演变为集聚力和辐射力前三甲城市;4个阶段的城市创业投资集聚力均呈现出向网络核心城市进一步集中的态势,而创业投资辐射力则呈现出显著的分异性;市场规模、创业企业发展基础和政府支持是影响创业投资城市网络空间结构演变的主要因素。