Site Investigation for the Effects of Vegetation on Ground Stability

The procedure for geotechnical site investigation is well established but little attention is currently given to investigating the potential of vegetation to assist with ground stability. This paper describes how routine investigation procedures may be adapted to consider the effects of the vegetation. It is recommended that the major part of the vegetation investigation is carried out, at relatively low cost, during the preliminary (desk) study phase of the investigation when there is maximum flexibility to take account of findings in the proposed design and construction. The techniques available for investigation of the effects of vegetation are reviewed and references provided for further consideration. As for general geotechnical investigation work, it is important that a balance of effort is maintained in the vegetation investigation between (a) site characterisation (defining and identifying the existing and proposed vegetation to suit the site and ground conditions), (b) testing (in-situ and laboratory testing of the vegetation and root systems to provide design parameters) and (c) modelling (to analyse the vegetation effects).     

基于PCM改进算法的遥感混合像元模拟分析

混合像元的存在是影响遥感图像分类精度的主要原因,模糊分类是进行混合像元分解的重要方法,其效果的好坏取决于各像元分类后对各类别的隶属度值能否准确地反映像元的类别组成。当非监督分类中的聚类数目与实际类别数目不符,或者监督分类中训练样本存在未训练类别时,常用的模糊c-均值(FCM)方法的效果将大大降低,而可能性c-均值(PCM)方法则可以解决这个问题。该文提出了基于PCM算法的遥感图像混合像元分解方法,并用监督分类方法实例说明PCM方法的优越性。     

An integrated hydrological model for rain‐induced landslide prediction

This paper describes an extension to the Combined Hydrology And Stability Model (CHASM) to fully include the effects of vegetation and slope plan topography on slope stability. The resultant physically based numerical model is designed to be applied to site‐specific slopes in which a detailed assessment of unsaturated and saturated hydrology is required in relation to vegetation, topography and slope stability. Applications are made to the Hawke's Bay region in New Zealand where shallow‐seated instability is strongly associated with spatial and temporal trends in vegetation cover types, and the Mid‐Levels region in Hong Kong, an area subject to a variety of landslide mechanisms, some of which may be subject to strong topographic control. An improved understanding of process mechanism, afforded by the model, is critical for reliable and appropriate design of slope stabilization and remedial measures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Implications of the relationship between catchment vegetation type and the variability of annual runoff

The impact of changing catchment vegetation type on mean annual runoff has been known for some time, however, the impact on the variability of annual runoff has been established only recently. Differences in annual actual evapotranspiration between vegetation types and the potential effect of changing vegetation type on mean annual runoff and the variability of annual runoff are briefly reviewed. The magnitude of any change in the variability of annual runoff owing to a change in catchment vegetation type is related to the pre‐ and post‐change vegetation types and the seasonality of precipitation, assuming that the variability of annual precipitation remains constant throughout. Significant implications of the relationship between vegetation type and the variability of annual runoff are presented and discussed for water resource management, stream ecology and fluvial geomorphology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中条山同善天窗铜矿类型及找矿新认识

在总结同善构造—剥蚀窗内成矿地质条件的前提下 ,运用成矿系列理论 ,把区内具有多种表现形式的变基性火山岩型、变砂岩型、大理岩型三大类铜矿分成了八种亚类 ,认为诸类铜矿与区内广泛发育的新太古代基性岩存在着成生联系 ,铜矿的形成经历了一个复杂的过程。早期的海底火山喷发带来的铁、铜、硫等成矿物质 ,经过最初的海水富集、火山活动末期的热液作用富集以及后来区域变质叠加富集进而形成了这一系列矿床。同时提出了新的找矿思路、找矿方法及找矿靶区。     

中全新世以来黑龙江同江地区的孢粉组合与植被、气候演化

对黑龙江省同江县96－QP剖面从下至上划分4个孢粉组合带：1是以蒙古栎－桦属－蒿属－苔草属－木本科－水龙骨科为主组合带；2是以蒿属－莎草科－禾本科－桦属－栎属为主组合带；3是以桦属－蒙古栎松属－蒿属－莎草科－禾本科为主组合带；4是以松属－桦属－蒙古栎－蒿属－苔草属为主组合带。这4个孢粉组合带清楚地反映了古植被，古气候演替4个阶段；依次为温性落叶阔叶林－针，阔叶混交林→以落叶阔叶树稍多的针、阔叶混交林－草原→以松占优势的针、阔叶混交林。其气候变化是温暖湿润－温和略干－温和略湿－温凉湿润。     

甘青地区中晚全新世植被变化与人类活动

史前时期人类对环境的影响是近几年来国际研究的热点。在甘青地区，全新世的孢粉资料比较多。但在中晚全新世，该区人类对环境的影响作用及其程度仍不清楚，许多孢粉分析资料中并没有充分考虑人类活动的影响。本文选取孢粉分辨率较高、代表性较好的青海湖、兰州、秦安大地湾三地的资料，着重研究了其中乔木成分的变化。分析发现，孢粉组合中乔木成分的变化与气候变化的趋势并不一致。通过对考古及历史资料的分析，笔者认为，该区的植被很早就受到人类活动的影响。自全新世中期，本区植被中的乔木成分波动下降。5000－3000a BP期间，史前农业对植被的影响较大。3000－2000a BP期间，植被略有恢复。2000a BP以后，人为影响加剧，植被中乔木成分迅速下降。研究者认为，依赖孢粉资料重建中晚全新世的气候变化历史应当慎重。     

沙坡头人工植被固沙区天然降水的入渗和分配研究

土壤、植被冠层与大气界面间(SVAT)物质传输过程日益成为水文学研究最感兴趣的领域,降水量的迁移与转换是非灌溉区SVAT主要的物质传输过程.干旱半干旱区稀疏灌丛蒸散量占降水量的90%以上,因此对降水入渗与水分在土壤内植物根际区再分配的研究显得十分重要.试验于2001年8月17日至9月30日在中国科学院沙坡头试验站进行,主要观测人工植被荒漠灌木柠条(Caragana korshinskii) 灌丛固定沙丘降水入渗与再分配过程.结果表明:在7次不连续降水过程中,土壤入渗深度与降水强度呈简单线性相关关系,土壤入渗速率约为降水强度的10倍.当次降水过程中降水强度小于0.46 mmh-1时,土壤入渗速率约为0 cm*h-1,此时的降水对沙区土壤基本上没有水分补给作用.受荒漠灌木柠条根系吸水作用的影响,其根系密集剖面深度40～140 cm内降水水分入渗积累不明显.降水入渗速率及入渗深度受土壤剖面初始含水率多寡而变化,干燥土壤剖面有助于提高瞬时入渗速率.降水以后随着时间的推移,人工固沙区微环境内空气温度、湿度等气象条件适宜,柠条生长进入相对旺盛阶段,其根系密集层140 cm深度处土壤含水率在总体上下降的过程中,表现出昼消夜长的趋势,试验期间翌日 8:00时土壤含水率值略高于前一日20:00时水分值 0.1%～0.3%.