Monitoring considerations for a dynamic dune restoration project: Pacific Rim National Park Reserve,British Columbia,Canada.

Historically, management of coastal dune systems has often involved artificial stabilization of active sand surfaces in order for coastal areas to be more easily controlled and modified for human benefit. In North America, the introduction of invasive grasses, namely European and American beach (marram) grasses (Ammophila spp.) has been one of the most successful strategies used for stabilizing active coastal dune sands. Recent research has demonstrated, however, that stabilization of coastal dunes often leads to reduced landform complexity and resilience, as well as declines in species diversity. More ‘dynamic’ restoration efforts have emerged over the past 20 years that encourage dune mobility and aeolian activity in order to provide a more resilient biogeomorphic system. In North America, there is generally little research relating restoration methods and outcomes to geomorphic responses despite the fundamental importance of sedimentary processes and dune morphodynamics in broader ecosystem function. This paper aims to better situate dynamic dune restoration within current geomorphic understanding. A brief review of key terms and concepts used in the emerging field of dynamic dune restoration is provided and expanded upon with respect to geomorphologic considerations. A case study of a recent dynamic restoration effort in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, British Columbia, Canada is provide to demonstrate how these concepts are applied. Introduction of European marram at this site, coupled with a warming climate and increased precipitation in recent decades at this site, is thought to be associated with a rapid decline in aeolian activity, system stabilization and accelerated ecological succession. Preliminary results on the response of the dune system to mechanical removal of Ammophila are presented to provide the foundation for a research framework to guide the broader restoration project. Recommendations for improving treatment methodologies and monitoring protocols are provided to aid future restoration projects of this nature. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Aeolian sediment transport and morphologic change on a managed and an unmanaged foredune

Sediment transport and short‐term morphologic change were evaluated at a site where sand fences are deployed and the beach is raked (Managed Site) and a site where these human adjustments are not practiced (Unmanaged Site). Data were gathered across the seaward portion of a low foredune when winds blew nearly shore‐normal at mean speeds 8.9 to 9.3 m s^‐1. Data from traps revealed sediment transport rates at unvegetated portions of the foredune crest (40.2 to 43.5 kg m^‐1 h^‐1) were greater than on the backshore (4.9 to 11.2 kg m^‐1 h^‐1) due to onshore decreases in surface moisture and speed‐up of the wind passing over the foredune. Data from erosion pins indicate sediment input to the dune was 1.48 m³ m^‐1 alongshore at the Managed Site and 1.25 m³ m^‐1 at the Unmanaged Site. The Unmanaged Site had deposition at the dune toe, erosion at mid‐slope, and deposition at the crest. Deposition occurred at mid‐slope on the Managed Site near a partially buried (0.58 m high) fence with a porosity of about 65%. Deposition at partially buried wrack on the upper backshore and dune toe at the Unmanaged Site was about twice as great as deposition in this zone at the Managed Site. Results indicate that: (1) the seaward slope of the foredune can be a more important source of sand to the lee of the crest than the beach; (2) wrack near the toe can decrease transport into the foredune; (3) a scour zone can occur on the foredune slope above the wrack line; (4) a fence placed in this location can promote deposition and offset scour, but fences can restrict delivery of sediment farther inland. Evaluation of alternative configurations of fences and strategies for managing wrack is required to better determine the ways that humans modify foredunes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粤北覆盖区复杂环境隐伏铅锌矿探测技术集成有效性研究

凡口铅锌矿是粤北地区超大型铅锌矿床,发育独特的覆盖区复杂地质环境。本文以凡口铅锌矿为例,在前人研究的基础上,应用高精度磁法、可控源音频大地电磁法、土壤电吸附、氡气、吸附烃-汞气体测量、及导电率等多种物化探勘查技术。通过对凡口矿床及外围进行对比分析和研究,建立凡口矿区有效探测技术集成,优选方法组合为高精度磁法、CSAMT、土壤吸附烃-汞气体及氡气测量,CSAMT中低阻异常、烃-汞正异常重叠区域、在构造有利部位是矿体的主要赋矿部位。结合矿区资料,预测在212剖面线(120~140)号间,宽度约700~800m,62剖面线(60~80)号间,宽度约800m存在两处有利的赋矿异常,为凡口铅锌矿深部找矿预测研究提供切实可行的勘查技术与方法。     

Distinct styles of fluvial deposition in a Cambrian rift basin

Process‐based and facies models to account for the origin of pre‐vegetation (i.e. pre‐Silurian) preserved fluvial sedimentary architectures remain poorly defined in terms of their ability to account for the nature of the fluvial conditions required to accumulate and preserve architectural elements in the absence of the stabilizing influence of vegetation. In pre‐vegetation fluvial successions, the repeated reworking of bars and minor channels that resulted in the generation and preservation of broad, tabular, stacked sandstone‐sheets has been previously regarded as the dominant sedimentary mechanism. This situation is closely analogous to modern‐day poorly vegetated systems developed in arid climatic settings. However, this study demonstrates the widespread presence of substantially more complex stratigraphic architectures. The Guarda Velha Formation of Southern Brazil is a >500 m‐thick synrift fluvial succession of Cambrian age that records the deposits and sedimentary architecture of three distinct fluvial successions: (i) an early rift‐stage system characterized by coarse‐grained channel elements indicative of a distributive pattern with flow transverse to the basin axis; and two coeval systems from the early‐ to climax‐rift stages that represent (ii) an axially directed, trunk fluvial system characterized by large‐scale amalgamated sandy braid‐bar elements, and (iii) a distributive fluvial system characterized by multi‐storey, sandy braided‐channel elements that flowed transverse to the basin axis. Integration of facies and architectural‐element analysis with regional stratigraphic basin analysis, palaeocurrent and pebble‐provenance analysis demonstrates the mechanisms responsible for preserving the varied range of fluvial architectures present in this pre‐vegetation, rift‐basin setting. Identified major controls that influenced pre‐vegetation fluvial sedimentary style include: (i) spatial and temporal variation in discharge regime; (ii) the varying sedimentological characteristics of distinct catchment areas; (iii) the role of tectonic basin configuration and its direct role in influencing palaeoflow direction and fluvial style, whereby both the axial and transverse fluvial systems undertook a distinctive response to syn‐depositional movement on basin‐bounding faults. Detailed architectural analyses of these deposits reveal significant variations in geometry, with characteristics considerably more complex than that of simple, laterally extensive, stacked sandstone‐sheets predicted by most existing depositional models for pre‐vegetation fluvial systems. These results suggest that the sheet‐braided style actually encompasses a varied number of different pre‐vegetation fluvial styles. Moreover, this study demonstrates that contemporaneous axial and transverse fluvial systems with distinctive architectural expressions can be preserved in the same overall tectonic and climatic setting.     

一种机载LiDAR数据漏洞检测方法

获取机载LiDAR数据时易受地形起伏、航摄高度、地物镜面反射等因素的影响,导致LiDAR数据出现漏洞,若对其不进行检测处理,将严重影响LiDAR数据的生产与应用。鉴于此,本文利用点云的位置与属性信息,基于等比例内缩和点云格网化算法,检测机载LiDAR数据中存在的漏洞区域,有效支撑了LiDAR数据的质量检测和补摄工作。试验结果表明,该方法检测到的漏洞区域完整、精确,等比例内缩算法与等值内缩算法相比,减弱了地形起伏对漏洞检测精度的影响,且更科学合理。     

Sentinel-2A数据支持下的雷州半岛植被类型识别

本文以雷州半岛为研究区,利用Sentinel-2A影像数据和真实植被样本数据,综合探讨了机器学习中随机森林与支持向量机的分类效果,并与传统的最大似然法进行比较。提取Sentinel-2A影像9个波段、7个植被指数、72个纹理特征,通过递归特征消除法挑选了10个特征组合,并将其应用于3种分类方法中,对其分类效果进行比较。结果表明:①有效使用多种特征变量是提高植被类型识别精度的关键,就不同特征对植被类型识别的重要性而言,光谱特征与纹理特征相当且大于植被指数,三者重要性相差不大;②随机森林分类效果最佳,不但能对特征进行有效选择,而且能保证植被类型提取精度,提高运行效率;③基于随机森林特征选择的递归特征消除法得到的特征组合不能对其他分类器性能进行优化,对随机森林模型本身的优化效果也有限。     

近20年哈尔滨市呼兰区土地利用覆盖变化及驱动分析

本文基于哈尔滨市呼兰区1998—2018年Landsat TM影像数据和社会经济数据,通过ENVI、ArcMap等软件,采用监督分类、土地利用变化模型、典型相关分析法等方法,科学系统地分析了1998—2010、2010—2018、1998—2018年3个不同时段的土地利用覆盖变化特征,并对土地利用覆盖变化驱动因素进行了分析。结果表明,哈尔滨市呼兰区20年间呈居民地和水域面积增加、耕地变化不大、林草不断减少的土地利用覆盖变化格局,且前8年的变化速度和幅度大于后12年。该区土地利用覆盖变化的影响因素包括自然环境因素、社会经济因素及人口因素。     

伊犁河谷天然植被覆盖度的变化特征分析

利用2000-2015年植被生长季(4~10月)MODIS/NDVI产品反演生成同时相的植被覆盖度数据,运用趋势性分析方法和皮尔逊相关系数法,进行了不同类型自然植被覆盖度时空变化特征及其与降水量、平均气温的驱动因素分析。结果表明从多年平均状态看,针叶林的植被覆盖度高于其他天然植被,灌丛类的最低,荒漠和灌丛类的植被覆盖度总体呈递增趋势;从年际尺度上看,草原和灌丛类植被对气温和降水量的响应规律大致呈反方向;不同类植被在春季(4月)对气温和降水量反映的差异性最大,与春季为新疆融雪高峰期有一定关系。     

侵蚀浪条件下沉水植被对沙坝-潟湖海岸的冲淤影响研究

全球海岸生态系统正遭受气候变化及人类活动带来的威胁, 本文基于沙坝-潟湖系统海岸典型剖面形态, 通过设计实施动床波浪水槽试验, 定量研究了侵蚀浪条件下沉水植被对该系统海岸冲淤的影响。结果表明: 沉水植被明显削弱了沙坝前坡波浪破碎区前缘的波高增大幅度, 并使坝后波高衰减; 植被作用使波浪反射和透射系数减小、耗散系数增大; 侵蚀浪作用下, 沙坝坝顶冲刷较明显, 潟湖内呈淤积趋势, 海岸前丘受波浪冲刷呈陡坎形态。植被影响下沙坝和前丘区域最大侵蚀厚度均减小; 植被可减少沙坝净侵蚀量、潟湖内淤积量及离岸输沙量, 对海岸前丘有较好的保护作用。     

近20 a新疆南部植被覆盖度时空特征及对气候因素的响应——以塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县为例

植被覆盖度是反映生态环境质量的评价指标,掌握植被覆盖度的变化有助于实现生态文明建设与区域农牧业规划及生态环境保护。基于2001—2020年归一化植被指数（Normalization difference vegetation index,NDVI）,以耕地、林地、草地植被类型为研究对象,采用混合像元二分模型计算植被覆盖度,应用空间稳定性分析、Sen+Mann-Kendall空间趋势分析、线性回归等方法,分析塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县植被覆盖度的时空特征;同时,结合气温、降水量数据,利用Spearman相关分析、GIS空间分析等方法,分析气候因素对植被覆盖度的影响。结果表明：（1） 近20 a植被覆盖度以中植被覆盖区为主,植被覆盖度减小了4.79%。（2） 植被覆盖度的空间稳定性波动较小,以波动变化（37.3%）、中等波动变化（32.7%）为主;植被覆盖度呈显著减少和不显著减少面积分别占总面积的3.8%、54.5%。（3） 耕地、林地、草地植被状况均呈现不同程度的轻微退化,在植被覆盖度上分别减少了4.57%、6.32%、4.24%,在空间稳定性上,不显著减少分别为51.28%、54.48%、52.29%。（4） 2001—2020年耕地比林地、草地空间稳定性和退化程度更为稳定和缓慢,林地退化比耕地、草地严重。研究区植被覆盖度变化较小,呈微弱下降趋势,人类活动是影响植被生长的主要因素。