耕地复种指数遥感监测研究进展

复种指数是进行粮食估产、耕地集约利用评价、农业生态系统模拟等的关键参数,及时、准确地提取复种指数对于粮食安全、土地管理和生态环境安全具有重要意义。在传统的研究中,复种指数主要来源于地面统计数据。使用统计数据来计算复种指数虽然过程简单,但是计算结果存在信息滞后、无法体现统计单元内部的空间异质性、精度低等不足。遥感技术因具有大范围、高时效、低成本等优点而被用于耕地复种指数监测,已有学者对耕地复种指数的遥感监测开展了大量工作。本文以复种指数遥感提取的关键环节为主线,对1997—2020年国内外相关研究进行综述：首先,梳理了已有研究中的监测方法、高质量时间序列遥感数据获取方法及提取结果精度验证方法,并对不同方法的优缺点进行了总结;其次,对已有研究中存在的不足进行了探讨,并提出未来研究的侧重点：① 开展已有监测方法的对比和分析;② 加强地形复杂地区、小农尺度的监测力度;③ 提高遥感数据时空分辨率及处理效率;④ 对提取结果进行多尺度验证。     

全球及区域模式中陆面过程的地表植被覆盖分类方法

全球和区域尺度上陆面生态系统与气候密切相关。全球和区域模式的发展对于我们认识气候与陆地生态的变化起到重要作用。在这些模型中,植被覆盖是影响大气-植被间热量、水分和CO2等交换的重要陆面参数。在分析了陆地植被覆盖分类原理基础上,介绍了目前全球不同植被覆盖分类方案,包括基于地基观测的植被分布、基于生物气候特征的分类方案（如：Holdridge的方案）;特别近年来陆面过程试验表明,各种遥感数据源（如：NOAA—AVHRR,EOS—MODIS,Landsat—TM）等为我们提供了有利的工具来监测全球植被动态,完善植被分类,并且采用高时空分辨率的全球土地覆盖状况特征,在不同时空尺度揭示植被-大气相互作用。本文分析了代表性的3种基于卫星遥感技术的陆面植被分类方案,分别是BATS（18类）、SIB（9类）、SIB2（12类）和BIOME—BGC（31类）陆地模式的植被覆盖分类方案．最后分析了目前可用于全球植被覆盖分类的新的遥感数据库。     

Vegetation patterns and species–environment relationships in the Gurbantunggut Desert of China

The Gurbantunggut Desert is the largest stable and semi-stable sand desert in China, yet few data exist on vegetation pattern and species-environment relationships for these diverse desert landscapes. The sand dunes of the survey area are mainly of the longitudinal form from north to south, but checkerboard-shaped and honeycomb-shaped forms are also present, with the height of 10–50 m. We measured vegetation and soil data on north–south transects and compared them with vegetation and soil data on east–west transects. Analysis revealed that the varying trend and strength of the species diversity, dominance and cover of the plant communities in the longitudinal and transverse directions across the landscape are significantly different. The results of CCA ordination show that the microhabitats of soil organic matter (OM), soil salts (TS), sorting index (σ), topsoil water-content (SM) and pH relate to the differences in vegetation observed as differences in species assemblage from salt-intolerant ephemerals, micro-subshrubs and subshrubs to salt-tolerant shrubs and micro-arbors. The terrain (alt.) and soil texture (the contents of Mz and φ1) affect the spatial differentiation of many species. However, this spatial differentiation is not so marked on transects running longitudinally with the landscape, in the same direction as the dunes. The species of the desert vegetation have formed three assemblages under the action of habitat gradients, relating to three sections running transversely across the landscape, at right angles to the direction of the dune crests. In the mid-east section of the study area the topography is higher, with sand-lands or dune-slopes with coarse particles. Here the dominant vegetation comprises shrubs and subshrubs of Seriphidium santolium and Ephedra distachya, with large numbers of ephemeral and ephemeroid plants of Senecio subdentatus, and Carex physodes in spring and summer. On the soil of the dune-slopes in the mid-west of the study area, with coarse particles and abundant TK, the plant assemblage of Haloxylon persicum, Soranthus meyeri and Agriophyllum squarrosum is developed. The species composition in the east marginal belt of the study area has similar characteristics to the mid-west section. There is no corresponding section in the north–south transects (except for the north and south margins). This is because the habitats of most plants are located in the middle of the microhabitat gradients in the north–south direction in the desert.     

高寒植被生态系统变化对土壤物理化学性状的影响

在黄河源区选择典型样地,对土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(N)等化学性状及土壤机械组成、容重和土壤导水率等物理特性进行分析.结果表明,植被退化导致土壤物理化学性状显著退化.灌丛草甸草地土壤表层有机质(SOM)从179.58 g·kg^-1降到49.48 g·kg^-1,表层碱解N流失率为30%,退化嵩草草甸表层有机质SOM减少53%,碱解N损失率为28.4%.沼泽地有机质SOM减少了15.11 g·kg^-1.退化后的土壤土层厚度变薄,土壤颗粒变粗,土壤水分分布和含量出现变化,土壤出现沙化,土壤容重增大,土壤导水率与植被盖度有很好的相关性.研究表明,高寒植被生态系统的变化引起了土壤理化特性的强烈变化,高寒土壤环境出现退化.     

Effects of spatially structured vegetation patterns on hillslope erosion in a semiarid Mediterranean environment: a simulation study

A general trend of decreasing soil loss rates with increasing vegetation cover fraction is widely accepted. Field observations and experimental work, however, show that the form of the cover‐erosion function can vary considerably, in particular for low cover conditions that prevail on arid and semiarid hillslopes. In this paper the structured spatial distribution of the vegetation cover and associated soil attributes is proposed as one of the possible causes of variation in cover–erosion relationships, in particular in dryland environments where patchy vegetation covers are common. A simulation approach was used to test the hypothesis that hillslope discharge and soil loss could be affected by variation in the spatial correlation structure of coupled vegetation cover and soil patterns alone. The Limburg Soil Erosion Model (LISEM) was parameterized and verified for a small catchment with discontinuous vegetation cover at Rambla Honda, SE Spain. Using the same parameter sets LISEM was subsequently used to simulate water and sediment fluxes on 1 ha hypothetical hillslopes with simulated spatial distributions of vegetation and soil parameters. Storms of constant rainfall intensity in the range of 30–70 mm h^?1 and 10–30 min duration were applied. To quantify the effect of the spatial correlation structure of the vegetation and soil patterns, predicted discharge and soil loss rates from hillslopes with spatially structured distributions of vegetation and soil parameters were compared with those from hillslopes with spatially uniform distributions. The results showed that the spatial organization of bare and vegetated surfaces alone can have a substantial impact on predicted storm discharge and erosion. In general, water and sediment yields from hillslopes with spatially structured distributions of vegetation and soil parameters were greater than from identical hillslopes with spatially uniform distributions. Within a storm the effect of spatially structured vegetation and soil patterns was observed to be highly dynamic, and to depend on rainfall intensity and slope gradient. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆塔里木河下游柽柳、芦苇对生态输水的响应

通过对塔里木河下游生态输水过程中地下水埋深变化的动态监测和天然植物生理指标的测试分析, 探讨了塔里木河下游柽柳、芦苇对生态输水的响应. 研究表明, 塔里木河下游河道输水对抬升其附近的地下水位起到了明显效果, 地下水埋深呈逐级抬升过程. 输水河道附近的地下水埋深由输水前的5～8 m抬升到了2～4 m; 植物各项生理指标对地下水位变化反应敏感, 表现出明显的梯度变化. 不同植物生长由于对地下水位要求深度不一样, 随地下水位变化而表现出不同的响应, 芦苇的反应敏感区约在150～200 m之间, 而柽柳则多在200～250 m之间. 结合野外样地的实际调查分析推测, 芦苇和柽柳的胁迫地下水位分别为3.5 m和4.0 m.     

基于地表温度-植被指数特征空间的区域土壤水分反演

针对目前西北地区广泛存在的农业干旱问题,选取了新疆塔里木盆地北缘渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为研究区,选择云量较少的两幅TM影像,建立地表温度-植被指数特征空间。首先利用线性方程拟合了特征空间的上下边界,比较利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)建立的地表温度-植被指数特征空间Ts/NDVI和利用改进型土壤调整植被指数(MSAVI)构建的地表温度-植被指数特征空间Ts/MSAVI形状的差异,并计算得到两种温度植被干旱指数(Temperature vegetation dryness index-TVDI,分别为TVDIN和MTVDI)。对TVDI与同期野外不同深度的实测土壤重量含水量数据进行回归分析,建立TVDI估测土壤水分的经验模型并对模型进行验证。研究结果表明,TVDIN和MTVDI均能够反演表层土壤水分,其中MTVDI与土壤水分相关性比TVDIN与土壤水分相关性要高,MTVDI能够更好地反映区域土壤水分状况,是一种更有效的土壤水分监测方法,对农业干旱监测具有一定的科学依据。     

侵蚀红壤植被恢复后土壤呼吸日动态及日呼吸速率测定方法比较

采用密闭室红外气体分析仪法(IRGA法)观测了中亚热带红壤侵蚀裸地植被恢复后不同季节土壤呼吸速率的日动态变化,并比较了IRGA法与碱吸收法(AA法)测定的土壤呼吸速率.结果表明:侵蚀裸地植被恢复后土壤呼吸速率日动态呈单峰曲线,与土壤温度的昼夜变化基本一致,最高值一般出现在午后13∶00~17∶00,最低值出现在凌晨3∶00~7∶00;植被恢复显著提高了土壤日呼吸速率,但明显降低了土壤呼吸速率日变化幅度;马尾松林对土壤呼吸速率日变化幅度降低程度高于板栗园和百喜草地,且对夏季的降低程度影响最大.而IRGA法和AA法测定的土壤呼吸速率具有显著的幂函数关系,AA法测定的土壤呼吸速率为IRGA法的27.5%~218%,平均为76.2%.当土壤呼吸速率较低时,AA法比IRGA法高估了土壤呼吸速率;反之,AA法则低估了土壤呼吸速率.     

长江中游网湖百年花粉序列及其沉积动力和环境特征

本文研究长江中游网湖钻孔百年来的花粉沉积序列,分析花粉沉积近、现代过程以及其与沉积粒度、过去百年湖泊由开放水系到封闭湖泊的气候、水文动力变化的关系.研究表明,花粉浓度、类型与沉积粒度的变化特征以及聚类分析反映出网湖经历了湖泊水系通江与封闭两个重大阶段变化,其花粉序列变化与沉积粒度、区域降水以及长江流量在时间序列上也具有显著的相关性.主要孢粉类型,包括陆生松属、常绿栎/落叶栎、乔灌木花粉、湿生莎草科、水生和陆生草本花粉、以及蕨类孢子,与沉积物粒度和降水具有同步相关的年份占过去130年的27%-40%,与1960年湖泊封闭以前长江流量的同步相关达到47%-57%,反映出花粉沉积量的变化受到了沉积粒径和流域降水量的影响.花粉类型对沉积和气候具有不同的响应关系,表现出具有大于降水70百分点年份以粘土沉积为主、乔灌木花粉占优的多水年模式,和小于降水30百分点的年份以粉砂沉积为主、水生、湿生、陆生草类花粉增加的少水年模式.花粉沉积与水动力这个关系为认识湖泊碎屑和利用花粉沉积记录反演过去环境变迁、生物湖泊沉积机制提供科学依据.     

Parameterization of Wave Breaking Probability and Whitecap Coverage

1 .Introduction Wave breaking and associated whitecapping have long beeninteresting due totheir close relationto many fields of ocean study,including air-sea interaction,remote sensing,ocean engineering,aswell as wave dynamics .The breaking probabilityBan…