水文地质变异因素的定量分析——方差分析在水文地质工作中的应用

能引起地下水质量或数量发生变化的因素很多。这些因素可能单独作用于地下水,也可能交互作于用地下水。通过方差分析可以定量评价某个变异因素的影响是否显著;在有重复试验的条件下,两个变异因素的方差分析还可以确定有无交互作用。此外,通过多重比较还可以进一步确定某个变异因素对地下水的影响程度。     

A cross entropy method for flood frequency analysis

The cross-entropy method with fractile constraints has been developed to estimate a random variable when the data are a set of independent observations of the variable. The method can claim several advantages over existing methods. It uses a reference distribution like the prior distribution in Bayesian analysis and likewise generates a posterior distribution.The method is of interest, in particular, because it satisfies two fundamental requirements for selfconsistency in the analysis of a probabilistic system based on data: a principle of invariance and a principle of data monotonicity.The method is applied to flood analysis. Robustness of the minimum cross-entropy method is compared with other methods: the methods of moments and the maximum likehood.     

滑坡预测预报的基础及我国主要滑坡岩组特征的确定

滑坡已看成为一种地质灾害,它具有降低环境质量和破坏地表生态平衡的势头。由于人类工程活动而使滑坡灾害发生频繁,一些国家的许多学者已在从事滑坡规律及其空、时预测预报的研究,目的在于理想地去阻止或减缓其灾害作用,本文试图就上面问题作一努力。文中强调:工程地质类比法是滑坡预测预报的基础。其原理在于类似的工程地质环境会引起类同的滑坡。为了表示滑坡预测分区的数字制图,藉助于数据统计、概率及信息理论,类比法可从定性过渡到定量分析。据此基础而编制了滑坡过程工程地质预测简表。设1975年研究的滑坡岩性资料代表从全国范围内抽取的样本,则应用地质变量选取方法可得到我国主要滑坡岩组类型,其结果列于表4。     

Factors controlling the lengths of channel-fed lava flows

Factors which control lava flow length are still not fully understood. The assumption that flow length as mainly influenced by viscosity was contested by Walker (1973) who proposed that the length of a lava flow was dependent on the mean effusion rate, and by Malin (1980) who concluded that flow length was dependent on erupted volume. Our reanalysis of Malin's data shows that, if short duration and tube-fed flows are eliminated, Malin's Hawaiian flow data are consistent with Walker's assertion. However, the length of a flow can vary, for a given effusion rate, by a factor of 7, and by up to 10 for a given volume. Factors other than effusion rate and volume are therefore clearly important in controlling the lengths of lava flows. We establish the relative importance of the other factors by performing a multivariate analysis of data for recent Hawaiian lava flows. In addition to generating empirical equations relating flow length to other variables, we have developed a non-isothermal Bingham flow model. This computes the channel and levee width of a flow and hence permits the advance rates of flows and their maximum cooling-limited lengths for different gradients and effusion rates to be calculated. Changing rheological properties are taken into account using the ratio of yield strength to viscosity; available field measurements show that this varies systematically from the vent to the front of a lava flow. The model gives reasonable agreement with data from the 1983–1986 Pu'u Oo eruptions and the 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa. The method has also been applied to andesitic and rhyolitic lava flows. It predicts that, while the more silicic lava flows advance at generally slower rates than basaltic flows, their maximum flow lengths, for a given effusion rate, will be greater than for basaltic lava flows.     

岩土性质的空间信息统计分析

运用地质统计学的原理与方法 ,以变差函数为工具 ,在工程实测数据的基础上对静止水位进行了分析 ,得到不同方向上的实验变差函数及理论变差函数模型 ,并提出了一个变异性综合指标 ,实现了对岩土性质空间变异性的定量化分析。     

主动变刚度结构的动力卸载效应

本文讨论了主动变刚度结构体系AVS(Active Variable Stiffness)的动力卸载效应。结构体系中的AVS控制器关闭或开启瞬时，结构系统刚度分布发生突变，通常也伴随着对系统的能量输入或输出，使得该瞬时结构体系相应受到—加速度增量作用，此增量的方向与结构加速度方向相反，能有效地抑制结构体系的刚度不变层向刚度突变层的动力卸载。此外，文中分析了AVS控制器闭合或开启引起的结构体系相对于原结构的第i阶自振频率摄动，进而讨论了AVS控制器的开关控制律和结构的自振频率摄动及动力卸载效应的相互关系。理论分析和计算结果表明：在合理的结构变形位置闭合或开启AVS控制器，动力卸载效应对结构体系的不利作用及结构体系的频率特性相对于原结构改变很小。     

Characterizing the rheology of laterite slurries

The viscous behaviour of laterite slurries was characterized by measurements of shear stress at constant and changing shear rates. Steady state stresses were obtained after accounting for the settling solids: the values show that the fluids possess viscosities of order 100 mPa s and are moderately shear-thinning, for solid volume fractions from 0.06 to 0.18 and for shear rates between 10 and 1000 s⁻¹. Transient stress measurements were made for steps down in shear rate and for ramps down and up in shear rate. It was found that the Bingham–Maxwell model provides good fits to the transient data, both at low concentrations, where yield behaviour is dominant, and at high concentrations, where elasticity is dominant. For volume fractions of 0.10 or greater, relaxation times were found from step tests to be of order 10 s, but relaxation times found from the ramp tests were generally several times higher.     

GIS环境下空间数据多尺度特征及其关键问题探讨

介绍了GIS环境下空间数据多尺度特征的基本概念，并对与空间数据多尺度表达相关的技术作了探讨，其中主要包括它们的最新研究进展、主要方法、存在的问题及应用前景。     

Discrete‐time variable structure control method for seismic‐excited building structures with time delay in control

The discrete‐time variable structure control method for seismically excited linear structures with time delay in control is investigated in this paper. The control system with time delay is first discretized and transformed into standard discrete form which contains no time delay in terms of the time delay being integer and non‐integer times of sampling period, respectively. Then the discrete switching surface is determined using ideal quasi‐sliding mode and discrete controller is designed using the discrete approach‐law reaching condition. The deduced controller and switching surface contain not only the current step of state feedback but also linear combination of some former steps of controls. Numerical simulations are illustrated to verify the feasibility and robustness of the proposed control method. Since time‐delay effect is incorporated in the mathematical model for the structural control system throughout the derivation of the proposed algorithm, system performance and dynamic stability are guaranteed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.