An Approximate Analytical Solution For The Baroclinic And Variable Eddy Diffusivity Semi-Geostrophic Ekman Boundary Layer

The WKB method has been used to develop an approximate solutionof the semi-geostrophic Ekman boundary layer with height-dependenteddy viscosity and a baroclinic pressure field. The approximate solutionretains the same simple form as the classical Ekman solution. Behavioursof the approximate solution are discussed for different eddy viscosityand the pressure systems. These features show that wind structure inthe semi-geostrophic Ekman boundary layer depends on the interactionbetween the inertial acceleration, variable eddy viscosity and baroclinicpressure gradient. Anticyclonic shear has an acceleration effect on theair motion in the boundary layer, while cyclonic shear has a decelerationeffect. Decreasing pressure gradient with height results in a super-geostrophicpeak in the wind speed profile, however the increasing pressure gradient withheight may remove the peak. Anticyclonic shear and decreasing the variableeddy viscosity with height has an enhanced effect on the peak.Variable eddy viscosity and inertial acceleration has an important role in thedivergence and vorticity in the boundary layer and the vertical motion at the top of the boundary layer that is called Ekman pumping. Compared to the constanteddy viscosity case, the variable eddy diffusivity reduces the absolute value ofEkman pumping, especially in the case of eddy viscosity initially increasing with height. The difference in the Ekman pumping produced by different eddy diffusivity assumptions is intensified in anticyclonic flow and reduced in cyclonic flow.     

地面摄影测量测定地质结构面产状和几何要素方法的研究

本文详细叙述了用地面摄影测量方法确定露岩地质结构面的产状和几何要素的具体方法,包括摄影、控制,象片上节理面特征点的选取和量测,节理面的拟合和产状要素的算计以及精度评定等,并提出平差计算时采用选权迭代法以剔除粗差、保证成果质量。所编制的产状要素计算软件应用于某矿区的实际计算后证明是成功的,所获结果倾向中误差:m_(α0)=±1.0°,倾角中误差 m_(β0)=±1.47°,较好地满足用户提出的小于±5°的要求。     

On counting the number of data pairs for semivariogram estimation

In planning spatial sampling studies for the purpose of estimating the semivariogram, the number of data pairs separated by a given distance is sometimes used as a comparative index of the precision which can be expected from a given sampling design. Because spatial data are correlated, this index can be unreliable. An alternative index which partially corrects for this correlation, themaximum equivalent uncorrelated pairs, is proposed for comparing spatial designs. The index is developed under the assumption that the underlying stochastic process is Gaussian and is appropriate when the (population) semivariogram is to be estimated by the sample semivariogram.     

Ri-μi/μm-Ci dependent oblateness of deformed pebbles in the Baraitha conglomerate,Central India and tectonic implications

Strain analysis of the Baraitha conglomerate is attempted by direct measurements on extracted pebbles and by micrometric analysis. The overall deformation is of flattening type, with thek value lower by more than half in the matrix than in the pebbles. The viscosity contrast between pebbles and matrix (μ _i/μ_m) is in the ratio of 2:1 and the bulk deformation appears to be strongly controlled by C_i (concentration of pebbles expressed as percentage). The total shortening (≃35%) in the Baraitha conglomerate is comparable with the shortening accomplished in the folding of the overlying Bijawar Group volcanosedimentary sequence. The bulk strain axesX _t, Y_t andZ _t, as determined from the analysis of the deformed conglomerate, are unsymmetrically oriented with reference to folds formed by oblique flexural-slip with neitherX _t norY _tcoincident with the fold hinges. The lack of transection of folds by cleavage again suggests flattening deformation. The extension in theY _tdirection is greater in the matrix than in the pebbles.     

Lyapunov exponent and dimension of the strange attractor of elastic frictional system

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枪乌贼羽状壳制备壳聚糖的研究

以枪乌贼的骨骼组织羽状壳为原料 ,设计正交实验分析了碱液浓度、温度和时间对壳聚糖脱乙酰度和粘度的影响 ;对枪乌贼羽状壳制备的壳聚糖的性能进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,以羽状壳制备的壳聚糖特点是具有较高的粘度 (3890 m Pa· s) ,颜色为浅黄褐色 ,可免除脱钙脱色环节。在碱液浓度为 4 5 % ,温度为 90℃ ,反应时间为 4 h的条件下 ,可得到较好品质的壳聚糖产品     

近海湍流三维数值模拟中的重整化群模式

利用重整化群理论来确定近海湍流数值模式中的垂向涡动粘性系数，并对冬末春初琼州海峡的潮流场特征进行数值模拟。结果表明，重整化群模式的待定常数少，应用方便可行，其计算结果也比常用的湍流封闭模式的计算结果更加合理。     

Bottom friction and its effects on periodic long wave propagation

A new set of Boussinesq-type equations describing the free surface evolution and the corresponding depth-integrated horizontal velocity is derived with the bottom boundary layer effects included. Inside the boundary layer the eddy viscosity gradient model is employed to characterize Reynolds stresses and the eddy viscosity is further approximated as a linear function of the distance measured from the seafloor. Boundary-layer velocities are coupled with the irrotational velocity in the core region through boundary conditions. The leading order boundary layer effects on wave propagation appear in the depth-integrated continuity equation to account for the velocity deficit inside the boundary layer. This formulation is different from the conventional approach in which a bottom stress term is inserted in the momentum equation. An iterative scheme is developed to solve the new model equations for the free surface elevation, depth-integrated velocity, the bottom stress, the boundary layer thickness and the magnitude of the turbulent eddy viscosity. A numerical example for the evolution of periodic waves propagating in one-dimensional channel is discussed to illustrate the numerical procedure and physics involved. The differences between the conventional approach and the present formulation are discussed in terms of the bottom frictional stress and the free surface profiles.     

海洋湍流模式应用研究

海洋湍流模型研究自二十世纪 70年代中发展至今 ,在海洋动力学研究中 ,特别是关于混合 /层化研究中广泛应用 ,近年来由于认识到湍流对海洋生物过程的重要影响 ,对海洋湍流的客观描述更加关注。文中详细介绍了几个主要海洋动力学模型中的湍流封闭模式 ,如 HAMSOM中的Prandtl混合长模型、Johns模式中的 k-方程模型、POM中的 k- kl模型、水动力学中常用的 k-ε模型等等 ,介绍了海洋湍流模型的应用。对于湍流模型的使用提出针对具体问题选择的原则 ,复杂的并非最优的。     

Buckling of circular, annular plates of continuously variable thickness used as internal bulkheads in submersibles

This paper deals with the determination of the critical load in the buckling of isotropic, circular annular thin plates whose thickness varies slightly according to an exponential law.The outer edge of the plate is elastically restrained against rotation while the inner boundary is free. Classical small-deflection theory is used. An hidrostatic pressure acting in the middle plane is considered.The eigenvalues of the problem are obtained by means of an analytical approach based on the optimized Rayleigh-Ritz method. It is shοwnι that the results are in good agreement from an engineering viewpoint, with those available in the literature.