Do southern Appalachian Mountain summer stream temperatures respond to removal of understory rhododendron thickets?

Dense understory thickets of the native evergreen shrub Rhododendron maximum expanded initially following elimination of American chestnut by the chestnut blight, and later in response to loss of the eastern hemlock due to hemlock woolly adelgid invasion. Rhododendron thickets often blanket streams and their riparian zones, creating cool, low-light microclimates. To determine the effect of such understory thickets on summer stream temperatures, we removed riparian rhododendron understory on 300 m reaches of two southern Appalachian Mountain headwater streams, while leaving two 300 m reference reaches undisturbed. Overhead canopy was left intact in all four streams, but all streams were selected to have a significant component of dead or dying eastern hemlock in the overstory, creating time-varying canopy gaps throughout the reach. We continuously monitored temperatures upstream, within and downstream of treatment and reference reaches. Temperatures were monitored in all four streams in the summer before treatments were imposed (2014), and for two summers following treatment (2015, 2016). Temperatures varied significantly across and within streams prior to treatment and across years for the reference streams. After rhododendron removal, increases in summer stream temperatures were observed at some locations within the treatment reaches, but these increases did not persist downstream and varied by watershed, sensor, and year. Significant increases in daily maxima in treatment reaches ranged from 0.9 to 2.6°C. Overhead canopy provided enough shade to prevent rhododendron removal from increasing summer temperatures to levels deleterious to native cold-water fauna (average summer temperatures remained below 16°C), and local temperature effects were not persistent.     

Shear resistance of jointed rock masses and stability calculation of rock slopes

Summary Based on an extension to a model originally proposed by Zhang (1990), a method for estimating the shear strength of a jointed rock mass containing two joint sets is developed. Compared to the original method in which only a single en-echelon joint set was considered, the new method has the following advantages: (1) it allows a much more realistic joint pattern to be incorporated; (2) the effects of joint connectivity and intersection angle between joint sets on shear strength are included. Use of the new method is demonstrated by application to the calculation of the stability of slopes in jointed rock. The importance of joint connectivity, joint persistence and joint set intersection angle on slope stability, as predicted by the model, is revealed.     

鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区延长组长8高阻水层成因分析与识别

华庆油田长8油藏中普遍发育高阻水层,同一储层砂体中水层与油层电性差异甚微,水层计算的含油饱和度明显偏高,导致传统测井解释与压裂试油吻合率较低。综合应用测录井、试油试采、分析化验等资料,分析高阻水层形成原因及控制因素,运用电阻率形态差异法建立流体识别标准。研究表明,华庆油田长8油藏储层亲油,绿泥石膜发育,普遍含沥青质充填孔隙,在自吸和颗粒表面的吸附作用下,形成绿泥石膜-有机质复合体,致使储层测井响应为高阻,而非润湿的水相占据相对畅通的较大孔喉,容易流动,在油气富集程度较低时,试油大量出水;采用电阻率曲线形态法分"凸型"、"凹型"分别建立测井识别图版及流体识别标准,凸型油层：Δt ≥ 216 μs/m,Rt ≥ 36 Ωm;凹形油层：Δt ≥ 221 μs/m,Rt ≥ 60 Ωm。相对常规图版交汇法,总体使测井解释与试油试采吻合率提高15%以上,对识别高阻水层应用效果显著。     

基于SolidWorks二次开发的钻机零件参数化设计

随着各种形式的钻机在工程中得到广泛的应用,先进的钻机设计方法对钻机的跟进发展尤为重要。基于SolidWorks二次开发技术,提出了钻机零件参数化设计的思想;以岩心钻机卡盘为例,论述了岩心钻机关键零件结构参数化设计的具体步骤。该方法在Visual Basic程序生成的基本参数计算的用户界面上输入已知的参数,可以完成卡盘基本参数的自动计算,在卡盘参数化设计的用户界面上输入钻杆直径就能够在SolidWorks系统中生成卡盘的各零件结构图及其总装配图,实现钻机卡盘参数化设计的要求。此设计方法为钻机整体实现参数化设计奠定了基础。     

基坑工程平面竖向弹性地基梁法中土的水平抗力比例系数反分析研究

提出了一种结合Ucode反分析软件和Abaqus有限元分析软件,并根据围护墙实测变形来反分析基坑工程平面竖向弹性地基梁法中土的水平抗力比例系数的方法。重点讨论了反分析的原理和实现流程,给出了反分析过程中迭代控制参数的确定方法及待估参数取值的确定方法。通过参数敏感分析可找到对围护结构变形影响较大的土层,针对起主导作用的土层m值进行反分析,既可提高迭代效率,又能保证反分析结果的准确性。实际工程反分析的结果表明,计算值与实测围护墙变形吻合得很好。在此基础上,根据多个测孔的反分析结果给出了各层土的水平抗力比例系数的建议取值。     

新疆构造运动期序及特征

新疆地域辽阔,地质构造运动复杂,特征各异。前人曾对新疆构造运动的划分及命名做了大量工作,但多有不一致,有些构造运动的划分或命名依据不足,因此失去了应有的代表性。现根据实际资料,对新疆地质构造运动重新归纳和认识,提出新疆境内构造运动可划分为11期32幕(次),其中前寒武纪6期、古生代2期17幕(次),中新生代3期9幕(次)     

基于Geddes公式计算新型带肋预应力管桩的沉降

在Geddes应力公式的基础上,对新型带肋预应力管桩的环状凸肋产生的影响做了假设:环状凸肋的受力可等效为对其下部土的挤密作用,即产生附加应力;为了方便计算,把该种附加应力简化沿环状凸肋两倍下部长度矩形分布的桩侧摩阻力,并推导出了适合新型带肋预应力管桩单桩沉降的计算公式;然后用Matlab软件进行编程计算。计算结果与现场试验结果相近,可做为工程估算。     

基于桩身应力测试的静压PHC管桩贯入机制

压桩过程中PHC管桩侧摩阻力与端阻力的分离是制约其贯入机制及承载力研究的瓶颈。通过桩身预埋准分布式FBG光纤传感器,对贯入成层土地基中5根足尺开口PHC管桩侧摩阻力及端阻力发展变化情况进行了监测。试验表明,准分布式光纤传感测试技术现场可操作性强,粗放施工环境下贯入阻力分离效果较为理想。成层土地基中压桩力曲线基本反映地层土性变化,桩端土层性状对压桩力影响较大。硬质土层界面处试桩压桩力平均增幅约为64.06%,端阻力受地层变化影响更为显著,平均增长幅度约为97.41%,侧摩阻力平均增长幅度约为17.92%;桩端位于非硬质土层试桩压桩力变化不明显。贯入过程中现场足尺试验桩身应力变化不同于室内模型试验,桩身上、下部侧摩阻力发挥的力学机制不同。受现场粗放施工条件及深度方向土层变化影响,贯入成层土地基中桩侧摩阻力临界深度现象不明显。     

Corrosion behavior of anodic oxidized TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> film in seawater

TiO₂ films were formed on metallic titanium substrates by the anodic oxidation method in H₂SO₄ solution under the 80V D.C.. Phase component and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Water contact angles on titanium oxide film surface were measured under both dark and sunlight illumination conditions. Corrosion tests were carried out in seawater under different illumination conditions by electrochemistry impedance spectrum (EIS) and polarization curves. The result showed that the TiO₂ film prepared by the anodic oxidation method was anatase with a uniform structure and without obvious pores or cracks on its surface. The average water contact angle of the film was 116.4° in dark, in contrast to an angle of 42.7° under the UV illumination for 2 hours, which demonstrates good hydrophobic property. The anti-corrosion behavior of the TiO₂ film was declining with the extended immersion time. Under dark conditions, however, the hydrophobic TiO₂ film retarded the water infiltrating into the substrate. The impedance changed slowly and the corrosion current density was 2 orders of magnitude lower than that with the film illuminated by sunlight. All of those mentioned above indicate that the TiO₂ film possesses much better performance under dark condition, and it can be applied as an engineering material under dark seawater environment.     

The Working Mechanism and An Analytic Method of the Deep Embedded Large Cylinder Structure

The large cylinder is a new-type structure that has been applied to harbor and offshore engineering. An analytic method of the relationship between loads and the structure displacement is developed based on the failure mode of deep embedded large cylinder structures. It can be used to calculate directly the soil resistance and the ultirnate bearing capacity of the structure under usage. A new criterion of the large cylinder structure, which discriminates the deep embedded cylinder from the shallow embedded cylinder, is defined. Model tests prove that the proposed method is feasible for the analysis of deep embedded large cylinder structures.