用双向反应谱比法估计地形对结构反应的影响

基于汶川地震发生时自贡市西山公园地形影响台阵的加速度记录,利用双向反应谱比法分析了山脊地形对单自由度体系结构反应的放大效应,结果表明:(1)水平向结构反应在结构自振频率小于1Hz的低频段放大效应不明显;在1～ 10Hz频段山顶放大效应最大,最大值达3.25,对应频率为6.25Hz;在10 ～ 20Hz频段,各台站放大效应趋于平稳,靠近山顶的7号台站放大效应最明显,最大值为2.3,对应频率为16.7Hz.(2)结构反应的最大放大系数有随高度的增加而增大的趋势,且在1 ～ 10Hz频段这种趋势比较明显.(3)与其它场地效应估计方法相比较,该方法能够体现地形效应对结构反应的影响,从而更有利于研究建筑结构震害的分布.     

Crustal thickness, discontinuity depth, and upper mantle structure beneath southern Africa: constraints from body wave conversions

The technique of receiver function analysis is applied to the study of crustal and upper mantle structures beneath the Kaapvaal craton in southern Africa and its surroundings. Seismic data were recorded by the seismic array of 82 sites deployed from April 1997 to April 1999 across southern Africa, as well as a dense array of 32 sites near Kimberley, in operation from December 1998 to June 1999. Arrival times for phases converted at the Moho are used to determine crustal thickness. The Moho depth in the south–western section of the craton was found to vary between 37 and 40 km, except for one station that recorded a depth of 43 km (SA23). Farther north along the western block of the craton (into Botswana) the depth increases up to 43 km. The depth increases even further in the north–eastern section of the craton, where results vary from 40 to 52 km. Just north of the Kaapvaal craton, in the neighbouring Zimbabwe craton, the crustal thickness drops significantly. The results obtained there varied from 36 to 40 km. For the Kimberley area, using the dense array, the Moho depth was found to be 37.3 km. Arrivals of the Ps and Ppps phases were used to determine the Poisson’s ratio in the region. This was found to be 0.26±0.01. Arrivals of phases from the 410 and 660 km mantle discontinuities are used to interpret the relative positions of these discontinuities, as well as for comparison of mantle temperatures and seismic velocities in the region with global averages. In the Kimberley area the 410 and 660 km discontinuities were found at their expected depth, implying that mantle temperatures in the region are close to the global average. The seismic velocities above the ‘410’ were found up to 5% faster than the averages from the global iasp91 model, which is fast even by Precambrian standards. In other sections of the Kaapvaal craton, the velocities are also faster than global averages, but not as fast as beneath Kimberley. In these sections, the ‘410’ is also slightly elevated, while the ‘660’ is depressed, which implies a slightly lower mantle temperature relative to the global average. Beneath the Kaapvaal craton we find evidence suggesting the presence of a zone with a reduced wavespeed gradient at an upper bound of approximately 300 km, which may mark the lower chemical boundary of the craton.     

巯基棉分离富集-荧光分光光度法测定地下水中的痕量硒

在盐酸介质中,利用巯基棉分离富集地下水中痕量硒,然后在HC l-HNO3混合酸溶液及沸水浴加热条件下解脱富集的硒。通过测定2,3-二氨基萘与Se(Ⅳ)反应生成4,5-苯并苤硒脑的荧光强度,进而实现地下水中痕量硒的测定。实验表明,荧光光度法测定硒的线性范围为0~1.0μg,最低检测浓度为0.03μg/L,应用此法测定0.1μg/L硒的地下水,相对标准偏差小于7%,回收率达91%~105%,可满足地下水中硒的测定要求。     

地下隧洞结构区间分析的优化方法

工程中的不确定性问题可以用区间理论、随机理论或模糊理论进行求解。采用区间分析方法来处理地下隧洞结构开挖支护过程中的不确定性问题时。将结构系统中的不确定性参数用区间数来表示,用有限元方法建立系统的控制方程。该控制方程是一个包含不确定性几何参数的复杂的非线性区间方程组。讨论了两种优化计算模型,分别将方程组中的所有区间数作为设计变量,区间量的变化区间作为相应的设计变量的边界约束,运用遗传模拟退火算法求出位移和应力等响应量的最大值和最小值。通过工程算例验证了文中方法的合理性及可行性,并与端点组合方法的结果进行了比较分析。     

A preliminary study on the distribution and genesis of underground brine in the littoral plain of Laizhou Bay in the Bohai Sea

Quaternary underground brine in the littoral plain region of the Bohai coast is new type littoral facies evaporation ore deposit in liquid state . This model of " littorally- forming brine " is based on study of the distribution, depositional environment, forming / storing process, and genesis of underground brine in the coast of Laizhou Bay . Essential conditions for genesis of brine are arid and semiarid climate , abundant sources of ancient seawater, and geological and geomorphological environment of wide tidal beach along a coast. The process of underground brine genesis may be : seawater/tidal beach-evaporation and concentration-seeping and accumulation- brine/tidal beach - burial (evolution of the sea- land )- underground brine .Underground brine is characterized by high content of chemical elements, shallow burial depth and easy exploitation . The process of extracting salt from underground brine present in the tidal flat is incomparably superior to that of producing salt from seawater, and has b     

应力加载作用引起地下水微温度场变化的研究综述

在地震地下流体动态观测中,水温对地震活动的响应非常敏感,井水温度微动态观测越来越受到有关学者的关注。本文收集了相关资料,以引起水温变化的水动力学机制为基础,从应力加载作用下渗流场的变化、渗流场变化引起地下水温度变化以及裂隙介质热量运移三个方面分别阐述了前人研究成果,旨在理清“含水层受力变形→井-含水层系统内水流变化→井水温度变化”的理论模式,探讨应力加载作用引起地下水微温度场变化的理论基础和技术途径。对这一领域研究成果的综合分析将有助于我们深入地研究地震孕育过程中的前兆成因机理。     

Fully Nonlinear Simulations of Wave Resonance by An Array of Cylinders in Vertical Motions

The finite element method (FEM) is employed to analyze the resonant oscillations of the liquid confined within multiple or an array of floating bodies with fully nonlinear boundary conditions on the free surface and the body surface in two dimensions. The velocity potentials at each time step are obtained through the FEM with 8-node quadratic shape functions. The finite element linear system is solved by the conjugate gradient (CG) method with a symmetric successive overelaxlation (SSOR) preconditioner. The waves at the open boundary are absorbed by the combination of the damping zone method and the Sommerfeld-Orlanski equation. Numerical examples are given by an array of floating wedge- shaped cylinders and rectangular cylinders. Results are provided for heave motions including wave elevations, profiles and hydrodynamic forces. Comparisons are made in several cases with the results obtained from the second order solution in the time domain. It is found that the wave amplitude in the middle region of the array is larger than those in other places, and the hydrodynamic force on a cylinder increases with the cylinder closing to the middle of the array.     

中煤平朔三号井工矿水化学特征及对水文地质条件的反映

中煤平朔三号井工矿在建井过程中曾发生了两次较大的突水事件。在分析矿区水文地质条件的基础上,采用衬度系数方差分析了矿区内地表水、第四系松散层孔隙水、石炭—二叠系砂岩裂隙水和矿井水的水化学特征,对直接充水水源——石炭—二叠系砂岩裂隙水的水化学类型、矿化度和主要污染组分的空间分布特征及水动力条件进行了探讨。研究结果表明,三号井工矿水化学特征能够较好地反映水动力条件和富水性：在井田西部靠近大沙沟的隐伏露头部位,由于地表水及第四系地下水补给强度大,径流条件好,水交替积极,水质较好;而在远离隐伏露头补给区,即井田东部及东北大部风化裂隙减弱,径流条件逐渐变差,水交替迟缓,水中各离子含量相对增高,水质变差。研究成果可为矿井防治水提供依据。     

北京平原区地下空间建设地质安全监测问题探讨

北京平原区地质条件复杂,冲洪积扇及冲洪积平原相互交织、软弱土体(人工填土、软土)大面积分布,且浅表层地下水流场多变、各类地质灾害发育(活动断裂、地面沉降等),加大了地下空间建设难度,建设完成后易发生各类事故。如软弱土体地层稳定性较差,易发生较大地层形变甚至地面塌陷,破坏地下建(构)筑物结构;地下水水流场的变化,影响地下空间的抗浮稳定性及防渗性,在施工中可能遭遇突涌、施工中断甚至人员伤亡等严重后果;活动断裂产生的三维空间形变,兼具张拉、剪切和扭动的性质,使跨断裂的地下隧道变形,甚至能造成衬砌的断裂;地面沉降发生面积和沉降速率都呈上升的趋势,跨不均匀沉降区建设的地下轨道受沉降影响,出现异常位移或基础破坏等现象。同时,地下空间的建设,对其周边地质环境也会产生作用,产生一系列环境地质问题。如地下空间施工建设措施不当,改变岩土体原有的应力平衡,导致土体位移,产生地表沉降或变形,导致建筑物失稳、甚至破坏;砂质粉土黏粒含量少,饱和状态下受地铁振动易发生液化、流砂;地下管线的渗漏导致地下水受到污染;地下大型线性工程的建设阻断地下水流场,改变地下水环境等。本文拟阐述地质条件对地下空间建设的影响以及地下空间建设可能产生的地质环境问题,从这两个方面出发,提出地下空间建设监测的对象、监测体系及监测方法手段,研究地下空间建成后的地质安全保障。     

煤矿浅埋老窑采空区多梯度剖面装置探测研究

以内蒙某露天煤矿的地质特征为依据,建立二维正演模型,利用改进的高密度电法装置——多梯度剖面装置进行采空区在埋深、充水性、规模等不同条件下的正演响应分析,总结出高、低阻模式下异常响应都会随采空区深度的增加表现为幅度减少,且埋深大于采空区直径的3～5倍时,其正演剖面上难以显示出异常特征。以煤层顶板为30m的数据进行反演,发现高阻异常的反演结果与理论模型在位置、宽度、顶部埋深和电阻率值方面吻合程度较高;而充水采空区,异常的规模存在一定误差。内蒙某露天煤矿的勘探实例,验证了多梯度剖面装置在浅埋采空区勘探中,可以取得较理想效果,特别是对不充水采空区,其准确度更高。