饮用水中三种痕量卤代甲烷的超声辐照处理

以饮用水中痕量氯仿、四氯化碳和一溴二氯甲烷3种卤代甲烷为目标化合物,采用超声辐照技术研究它们在不同条件下的去除效果.结果表明,3种卤代甲烷的超声降解遵循准一级反应动力学模型,超声辐照1 h后的去除效率与速率常数均按氯仿、一溴二氯甲烷、四氯化碳的顺序递增,分子的疏水性对3种卤代甲烷的降解效率有显著影响.超声强度越大,饮用水中的痕量卤代甲烷去除效果越好.超声辐照后自来水的pH值降低很小,进一步论证超声技术应用于饮用水处理的可行性.在敞口容器中,超声波辐照对水样中的卤代甲烷同时存在着降解与吹脱作用,根据超声空化理论,提出可能的超声吹脱机理.     

Estimating the turbulent energy dissipation rate in an airport environment

This note reports on the influence of aircraft wake vortices on the estimation of the turbulent energy dissipation rate using sonic anemometer measurements near the runway threshold. The wake vortex traces, which are generated at a height of about 65 m and subsequently evolve in ground effect, are clearly visible in the velocity components and temperature. The observed temperature increase of 1 K appears related to the stably stratified atmospheric surface layer. The dissipation rate is estimated from the longitudinal velocity power spectrum for a sample in a nocturnal boundary layer with and without a wake vortex signal. In both cases an inertial subrange is found. For the analyzed sample the estimated dissipation rate is a factor of ten larger compared to the undisturbed sample. Implications for operational wake avoidance systems are discussed.     

特殊条件下的物探检测及其应用效果

长江三峡工程永久船闸高边坡卸荷影响带和清江水布垭导流洞洞壁松动圈对物探检测来说是两个极具代表性的工程问题．而地震波CT和声波测试又分别代表着最前沿和最常规的物探检测方法．本文应用地震CT和声波测试方法对上述两个问题进行了探测研究．探测结果表明,在解决某些特殊条件下的地质问题时,根据现场实际情况选定合适的地球物理方法可以取得事半功倍的效果．     

不同频率对埋入式压电陶瓷辐射声波的影响

不同频率激励埋入式压电陶瓷,辐射声波的声压、声强和指向性不同。为提高超声无损检测的精度,正确选用激励频率十分重要。通过ANSYS软件对埋入式压电陶瓷进行有限元分析,得到在20~100kHz频率范围内不同振动模态对应的固定频率,使用所得频率对压电陶瓷进行激励,分析不同频率激励压电陶瓷辐射超声波的影响,选定最佳固定频率。结果表明在20~100kHz频率范围内,共有14个振动模态,9个振动模态的振幅达到极值,声压随频率的增大逐渐增强,当频率达到79.666kHz时为最大值,而后逐渐衰减,且在67.301~84.895kHz频段内变化十分迅速。     

基于弯曲路径的混凝土超声层析成像及其改进

针对混凝土质量检测的特点,采用弯曲射线进行超声层析成像。首先建立波速分布的网格模型,并引入最短路径法进行射线追踪,然后采用联合迭代重建技术（SIRT）反演成像。为使算法适应弯曲射线,对SIRT的计算步骤进行调整,增加外层迭代,以便对修正后的路径进行下一轮反演;为提高反演精度,根据射线传播距离、幅度衰减、频率突变等信息建立和调整信号可信度系数,并依据该系数在求取网格慢度修正值时进行加权平均;为缩短计算时间,动态调整网格节点个数,并进行双向最短路径追踪。经过数值模拟及对混凝土基桩的实测,证明该方法在计算准确性和精度上有明显改进,计算速度也可以满足工程应用的需要。     

基于岩石表面位移场的超声波振动下花岗岩损伤特性试验研究

超声波振动碎岩技术作为解决硬岩钻进难题的新方法,其技术可行性受到国内外学者的大量验证,但是对于超声波振动下硬岩破碎机理的认识还存在不足。超声波振动下岩石表面径向响应位移与内部损伤状态存在着必然的联系,本文通过监测岩石在超声波振动过程中表面不同深度处的径向响应位移,利用应力波传播理论从能量耗散角度分析了岩石表面不同深度监测点径向响应位移的时空演化与岩石内部损伤发展的关系,得出超声波振动下岩石损伤主要由振动头高频冲击岩石造成的Hertz锥形环状裂纹和超声波振动交变应力产生的疲劳拉伸裂纹造成的,Hertz锥形环状裂纹的扩展深度为10 mm,疲劳损伤裂纹主要在10~20 mm深度处产生,超声波振动下岩石发生局部宏观破碎前存在着明显的径向响应位移征兆,岩石表面径向响应位移可以作为超声波振动下的破坏判据。本文的研究对于丰富超声波振动下硬岩的破碎机理具有重要意义。     

超声波萃取-高效液相色谱法测定土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯

邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)是环境激素类物质中的一类化合物。文章对土壤中6种被美国EPA列入"优先监测污染物名单"的PAEs类物质邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、二乙酯(DEP)、二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、二辛酯(DOP)、丁基苄基酯(BBP)邻苯二甲酸酯经超声波萃取、柱层析净化后,采用高效液相色谱法测定。对影响加标回收率的实验条件如萃取溶剂比例、萃取时间和萃取溶剂的选择等进行优化。方法回收率为94.1%～108.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)为0.70%～2.42%,方法检出限为0.003～0.009μg/g。建立的方法样品前处理简单、快速,溶剂用量少,液相色谱法分析6种PAEs类物质仅用10 min,适用于大批量土壤样品中PAEs类物质的测定。     

Effects of cation disordering in a natural MgAl2O4 spinel observed by rectangular parallelepiped ultrasonic resonance and Raman measurements

At moderate temperatures, the elastic properties of natural MgAl₂O₄ spinel differ in several significant ways from properties of synthetic spinels. Below 1000 K, the ultrasonic resonant frequencies of an ordered natural spinel change significantly after heat treatment; at higher temperatures, both types of spinels have similar resonant responses. The temperature derivatives of the elastic constants of an ordered spinel also differ from those of disordered spinels at moderate temperatures; again, at higher temperatures, both types of spinels have similar behaviors. The Raman spectra also differ below 1000 K for ordered natural and disordered spinels and are similar at higher temperatures and after cooling to ambient temperature. We associate these changes in ultrasonic resonance and Raman spectra of spinel with cation disordering at high temperature which may be quenched by cooling. We deduce estimates of the inversion parameter from the relative intensities of the two A_1g Raman modes in very good agreement with estimates made from other measurements. We find thatC ₁₁ andC ₁₂ decrease by 4 and 8%, respectively, with 20% inversion in spinel;C ₄₄ is less sensitive to cation order. These results imply that previous measurements of the adiabatic elastic constants of spinels at ambient conditions have been affected by the state of cation disorder of the specimen.     

降雨强度对激光雷达测风精度的影响研究

多普勒激光雷达在大气、环境以及风能等领域得到越来越广泛的应用,但对于复杂天气下多普勒激光雷达的适用性仍然有待深入研究。为此本研究采用2020年8—10月期间位于福建三沙的地基多普勒激光雷达与边界层高塔所搭载的超声风温仪观测的风场数据进行对比,发现多普勒激光雷达在水平风速、风向方面具有稳定的高精度探测性能,与超声风温仪之间相关系数达到了0.948和0.984。相比之下,激光雷达垂直风速的探测误差较大,与超声风温仪之间相关系数仅有0.353。研究发现,降雨强度与激光雷达垂直风速误差呈正相关关系,强降雨下垂直风速偏差最大可达到9 m/s。     

Ultrasonic modelling research of earthquake response of underground lifeline engineering

Earthquake response of underground lifeline engineering is investigated by the method of ultrasonic model experiments in this paper. From general field conditions, two models of underground lifeline engineering, one for non-uniform field and the other for uniform field, are designed based on the similarity principle. Besides analysis of seismic phases, a series of analyses especially on particle vibration are carried out. The results show that: The shorter the epicentral distance, the greater are the intensity variation and the change rate of intensity variation of earthquake ground motion, so the more disadvantageous to underground pipelines. In soft covering layer, compressional waves mainly cause radial flexures deformation, but shear wave result in axial dilation deformation of the pipelines; when the thickness of the covering layer is smaller (less than seismic wave length), the rhythmic variation of the intensity of earthquake ground motion is controlled mainly by the wave length of seismic waves in the bedrock. The property of the covering layer has considerable effect on earthquake ground motion. For different covering layers, their effect on each component of earthquake ground motion is not the same. Owing to the effect of wave propagation, the ground is in different states of particle vibration at different times, and there is considerable difference in phase and intensity of particle vibration between two different covering layers near their junction line or surface. Because underground lifelines tend to vibrate with the particles of the earth around it, this results in different deformation of underground pipelines under different conditions. So, it is necessary to take corresponding anti-seismic countermeasures for pipelines according to their practical situations. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 104–110, 1992. This paper is part of the research supported by Funds of Doctoral Faculty of National Education Committee.