The impact of land use change on soil water holding capacity and river flow modelling in the Nakambe River, Burkina-Faso

The annual hydrological regime of the Nakambe River shows substantial changes during the period 1955–1998 with a shift occurring around 1970. From 1970 to the mid-1990s, despite a reduction in rainfall and an increase in the number of dams in the basin, average runoff and maximum daily discharges increased. This paper reviews the hydrological behaviour of the Nakambe River from 1955 to 1998 and examines the potential role of land use change on soil water holding capacity (WHC) in producing the counter-intuitive change in runoff observed after 1970. We compare the results of two monthly hydrological models using different rainfall, potential evapotranspiration and WHC data sets. Model simulations with soil WHC values modified over time based upon historical maps of land use, are compared against simulations with a constant value for WHC. The extent of natural vegetation declined from 43 to 13% of the total basin area between 1965 and 1995, whilst the cultivated areas increased from 53 to 76% and the area of bare soil nearly tripled from 4 to 11%. The total reduction in WHC is estimated to range from 33 to 62% depending on the method used, either considering that the WHC values given by the FAO stand for the environmental situation in 1965 or before. There is a marked improvement in river flow simulation using the time-varying values of soil WHC. The paper ends with a discussion of the role of other factors such as surface runoff processes and groundwater trends in explaining the hydrological behaviour of the Nakambe River.     

U-Th-Pb副矿物的原地原位测年微束分析方法比较与微区晶体化学研究

系统地对比分析了各种微束分析技术在原地原位测年中的优势和局限性,并对近年发展的微区原位化学测年技术(EPMA)和质子激发X射线微探针分析技术(μ-PIXE)进行了探讨.阐明了矿物微区晶体化学研究的各种方法及其对实现精确原地原位测年的重要性.介绍了北大别黄土岭麻粒岩锆石测定点的晶体化学特征,应用激光剥蚀微探针-感应耦合等离子体质谱(LAM-ICPMS)技术对其进行了锆石的U-Pb表面年龄的测定,结果表明该岩石的麻粒岩相变质发生在2.050 Ga前,锆石来源为多源区.     

A new method to calculate end-member thermodynamic properties of minerals from their constituent polyhedra II: heat capacity, compressibility and thermal expansion

Thermodynamic calculations in petrology are generally performed at pressures and temperatures beyond the standard state conditions. Accurate prediction of mineral equilibria therefore requires knowledge of the heat capacity, thermal expansion and compressibility for the minerals involved. Unfortunately, such data are not always available. In this contribution we present a data set to estimate the heat capacity, thermal expansion and compressibility of mineral end‐members from their constituent polyhedra, based on the premise that the thermodynamic properties of minerals can be described by a linear combination of the fractional properties of their constituents. As such, only the crystallography of the phase of interest needs to be known. This approach is especially powerful for hypothetical mineral end‐members and for minerals, for which the experimental determination of their thermodynamic properties is difficult. The data set consists of the properties for 35 polyhedra in the system K–Na–Ca–Li–Be–Mg–Mn–Fe–Co–Ni–Zn–Al–Ti–Si–H, determined by multiple linear regression analysis on a data set of 111 published end‐member thermodynamic properties. The large number of polyhedra determined allows calculation of a much larger variety of phases than was previously possible, and the choice of constituents together with the large number of thermodynamic input data results in estimates with associated uncertainty of generally <5%. The quality of the data appears to be sufficiently accurate for thermodynamic modelling as demonstrated by modelling the stability of margarite in the CASH system and the position of the talc–staurolite–chloritoid–pyrope absent invariant point in the KMASH system. In both cases, our results overlap within error with published equivalents.     

CM桩复合地基承载力试验结果分析

通过对“CM桩复合地基”(以下简称CM地基 )承载力试验结果的分析 ,获得了一些有益的结论 ,对其在徐州地区的推广和应用提供参考。     

Load testing of anchors for wire mesh and cable net rockfall slope protection systems

This study presents results of field tests conducted on anchors used to support wire mesh and cable net rockfall protection systems. The load transfer and failure characteristics of these anchors are different from those used in most civil applications in that loads are often applied transversely to the top of tendon rather than axially. The study included vertical as well as horizontal series of tests conducted on some anchors widely used in wire mesh and cable net rockfall protect systems. It was found that the deformation characteristics of these anchors under vertical loading are nonlinear. They are approximated by a hyperbolic formulation and used to calculate the ultimate capacity. Top-downward progressive cracking of the grout was observed during loading and influences the deformation characteristics of these anchors under horizontal loading. The anchors deflected excessively before they could attain their ultimate capacity in the horizontal direction. Based on the field tests, it appears that the deformation under horizontal loading in the systems can be limited by using an enlarged grout zone at the top.     

水资源承载能力的模糊综合评价研究

水资源承载力涉及到整个资源、经济、环境大系统,其是否协调是全球关注的重大问题.充分理解水资源承载力的概念,根据水资源承载力分析的结构特点,在传统多目标分析决策技术的基础上,分析了承载力评价的多级模糊综合评判方法,建立了水环境承载力多级模糊综合评判评价模型,并应用于四川省都江堰灌区水资源承载力评价.结果表明,提出的多级模糊综合评判由于综合考虑了评价因素的层次性和模糊性,其结果较一级模糊综合评判方法更符合实际.     

宁夏农地资源劳动力承载力时空分析

在建设社会主义新农村的新形势下,农业劳动力的就业和剩余劳动力的转移问题已成为中国当前面临的一个重大社会问题。运用农地资源劳动力承载力测算的理论方法,对宁夏1995-2004年间以及2004年宁夏各市县的农地资源劳动力承载力进行时空分析比较。结果表明:10年来,宁夏农地资源劳动力承载力一直处于轻度超载状态,其中北部引黄灌区各市县属承载力富余区;而南部山区各市县则属重超载区,存在着较大数量的农业剩余劳动力。因此,宁夏要建设和谐的人地关系,必须在继续加强生态环境保护、提高农地资源综合生产能力的同时,大力推进超载区农业剩余劳动力的产业转移和空间转移。     

II型SMA-橡胶隔震支座及其理论模型

将形状记忆合金(SMA)索与普通叠层橡胶垫复合可以形成具有滞回阻尼性能的SMA-橡胶隔震支座。在原SMA-橡胶支座(I型)的基础上,在支座中增加弹簧改善SMA耗能拉索的功能,设计了II型SMA-橡胶支座,建立了支座的理论模型。通过数值计算详细考察了此种支座的工作特性,并与Ⅰ型SMA-橡胶支座的性能进行了对比。     

氟化物环境容量的研究

由高斯烟羽模式推导出的标准浓度分布推算源强分布的反演模式方法,计算了西宁市北郊地区环境空气中氟化物的环境容量。计算结果表明:拟建或已经在生产的各铝厂氟化物排放量均不超过按城市标准计算出的环境容量值,但均超过按农业区标准计算出的环境容量值。为了保护该地区农业生态环境,需要对现有的各铝厂氟化物排放量进行削减。