THE ‘NEW IMPLICIT METHOD’ FOR TUNNEL ANALYSIS

Tunnel excavation is a coupled three-dimensional problem dealing with two different structures: lining and rockmass. For a simple application it is useful to develop simplified methods by treating the problem as plane strain. If the problem of tunnel face advance presents an axisymmetric geometry, then we show that the major parameter governing the ground–interface–lining interaction is the convergence of the tunnel U₀ at the moment of the lining installation. The ‘New Implicit Method’ (NIM) presented in this paper makes use of principles similar to those of the ‘convergence–confinement’ method, but it provides a better appreciation of the coupled behaviour of rockmass and lining. For independent time constitutive laws (elasticity and plasticity), we point out that the convergence U₀ depends not only on the mechanical behaviour of the rockmass and on the distance from the tunnel face, as predicted by the ‘convergence–confinement’ method, but also on the stiffness of the lining previously set. We present the ‘NIM’ for elastic and perfect elastoplastic rockmasses without dilatancy for many criteria. The development of this new method is based on the results of tunnel calculations with an axisymmetric FEM numerical model that takes into account the three-dimensional aspect of the problem. Using this method is simple and its results agree well with the FEM numerical results. Its accuracy is highly satisfactory for a geotechnical study.     

广州地铁二号线海-公区间隧道施工防灾监测

城市地铁，特别是区间隧道暗挖施工，由于从地面建筑物及地下管线下面穿过，施工中的土体变形、水位下降和施工崩塌将会对其上的市政设施和建筑物造成不利甚至严重的影响。施工中进行防灾监控量测可及时发现这些不利影响，确保施工及周围环境的安全，减少对城市生活的影响。因此施工防灾监测工怍是城市地铁建设中必不可少的重要环节。广州地铁二号线海珠广场站至公园前站区间隧道，埋深16～25m，其上建筑物密集，部分十分陈旧，隧道采用矿山法暗挖通过。文章从监测的规划、项目设置、观测手段、方式方法、资料处理及成果分析等几方面进行全面详细叙述，观测项目齐全，数据连续、完整、详实、很有规律性，值得作进一步的深层分析。系统而全面的防灾监测工作，有效地保证了地铁施工的顺利完成。防灾监测工作非常成功。监测工作经验值得类似工程监测借鉴。     

地质雷达在隧道检测中的应用

隧道施工完成后用常规方法很难对衬砌质量做出系统评价，地质雷达利用超高频脉冲电磁波探测目标介质的介电常数，很容易掌握砼衬砌结构的厚度、衬砌周围回填及空隙情况，围岩断层裂隙构造情况等，为工程技术评价提供依据。文章以实例，介绍了利用地质雷达对隧道进行检测所使用的仪器、工作参数及地质雷达资料处理解释步骤，并通过对几幅典型雷达图像进行分析介绍了不同异常结构在雷达剖面上的反映。     

测井技术在灰岩地区隧道深孔勘探中的应用

鄂西地区完整灰岩地层的视电阻率、密度、声波、自然伽马等曲线形态受灰岩胶结物质成份和泥质含量影响并具有一定的规律性，当灰岩地层受到构造、溶蚀作用产生破碎带、岩溶、裂隙等不良地质体或存在地下含水体时，各测井物理参数发生变化并在曲线形态上呈现异常反映，据此可以对不良地质体的位置、规模、类型进行准确判断。测井技术在鄂西地区灰岩地区隧道深孔勘探中的应用，补充、验证了钻探资料，为隧道设计、施工提供了可靠的依据。     

不同断面混合工法小净距隧道施工影响分析

厦门市轨道交通1号线某地铁车站站后设置停车线,依据工程图纸,左线隧道和停车线采用双线单洞大断面暗挖法施工（CRD工法）,隧道直径11.53m,右线隧道采用盾构法施工,隧道直径6.2m,两隧道净距3.85m。本文应用三维动态数值模拟的方法,对不同断面、混合工法、小净距双线隧道的施工顺序进行了研究,并分析了两隧道净距对先行隧道的影响。研究结果表明：1）采用先小后大的施工顺序（即先采用盾构法施工右线隧道,后采用大断面暗挖法施工停车线）可有效减小地表沉降、邻近建筑物变形及隧道结构体系变形。2）当两隧道净距大于1.5D（D为大断面隧道直径）时,后行隧道施工对先行隧道影响较小,附加变形小于3mm。3）大断面暗挖隧道中隔墙拆除阶段对地表沉降量及邻近建筑物变形影响较大,对于此时的变化速率应加以重视。研究结果对相关工程的设计和施工具有一定的借鉴意义。     

旋喷桩在盾构法隧道端头井洞口土体加固工程中的应用

盾构法隧道在进行盾构机的始发或到达作业时,当既有端头井洞口挡土墙结构凿除后,保证该位置土体在盾构机刀盘贯入或脱离地层前一段时间内的稳定就成了盾构机始发或到达施工的关键。结合工程实例,从高压注浆原理、注浆参数和施工工艺等方面阐述了二重管旋喷桩在盾构法隧道端头井洞口土体加固工程中的应用。再者,针对旋喷桩加固以及与其相关的盾构始发或到达施工技术方面的一些问题也提出了一些建议和看法。     

不同布缆方式锚碇沉管管段运动的数值模拟

通过建立波浪作用下锚碇沉管管段运动的时域数值计算模型,对锚碇沉管的运动响应及锚碇缆受力特性进行了研究。应用集中质量法求解锚碇缆力,应用四阶Runge-Kutta法求解管段时域运动方程,计算了在不同沉深、不同周期、不同波高和不同波向条件下沉管管段的运动幅值和锚碇缆力。数值计算的结果表明:锚碇沉管的锚碇缆对沉管管段的运动起到一定的约束作用,在沉放深度较浅、波浪周期较大时,锚碇缆对沉管管段运动幅度的制约更为明显。通过五种布缆方式的计算与分析,探讨了布缆方式对沉管管段运动响应及锚碇缆受力的影响,并给出了较为合理的布缆方案。     

Study on Longitudinal Deformation Profile of Rock Mass in a Subsea Tunnel

During tunnel excavation, the deformation of surrounding rock due to the unloading of rock mass will vary with time. However, the measured displacement of surrounding rock is only a part of the actual longitudinal deformation profile. There is a need to analyze the longitudinal deformation profile to identify the deformation state and evaluate the stability of surrounding rock mass. In the present article, the variation of pre-deformation of surrounding rock due to excavation was analyzed, and the release coefficient was obtained from the measured results. For the Qingdao subsea tunnel, the measured crown settlement of surrounding rock was analyzed using the regression analysis method, and the longitudinal deformation profile of rock mass was simulated using the numerical calculation method. Moreover, based on the conditions of the subsea tunnel, a solid-fluid coupling model test was carried out to check the reliability of the numerical calculation results. The results of the model test were consistent with the numerical calculation results.     

Large scale three-dimensional seepage analysis model test and numerical simulation research on undersea tunnel

During the construction process of Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Undersea Tunnel, the faults and other unfavorable geological discontinuities were often encountered. To study the water inrush mechanism in the faults, both physical model test and numerical analysis were carried out. The results of crown displacement and hydraulic pressure of the monitoring sections in the physical model and numerical model were analyzed in this paper. It was found that the displacement and hydraulic pressure in the process of tunnel construction are often interacted as both cause and effect, and the lower of hydraulic pressure is often accompanied with the growth of its displacement. The changing of the excavation disturbed zone during the excavation in the undersea tunnel was also studied. The results show that the excavation disturbed zone in fault is larger than that in surrounding rock mass, and the excavation disturbance effects in the filling type fault are both transient and persistent. When the displacement and hydraulic pressure in the undersea tunnel change sharply during excavation, there are relatively slow and continuous change trend of the displacement and hydraulic pressure. For practical purposes, to prevent water inrush in the undersea tunnel, more attentions should also be paid to the undersea tunnel after excavation.