长江中游黄盖湖富营养化趋势分析及原因诊断

为评估黄盖湖富营养状况和变化趋势并诊断主要成因,以2015～2021年环境监测站点水质数据和2021年秋季的4次全湖加密监测数据为基础,采用综合营养状态指数（TLI（Σ））评价了黄盖湖富营养化程度及变化趋势,使用污染指数法评价了黄盖湖表层沉积物污染程度,基于沉积物与水体间氮磷的相关关系和入湖河流水质状况,初步推断了黄盖湖富营养化的主要原因。结果表明,2015 2021年黄盖湖TLI（Σ）依次为44.14、45.91、42.39、49.79、49.01、49.62和52.77,呈逐年升高的趋势,由中营养状态转变为轻度富营养状态,夏、秋季富营养化程度高于冬、春季;TLI(SD)、TLI(TN)和TLI(TP)贡献率分别为28%、18%和16%,营养盐浓度增加和透明度降低是黄盖湖水体富营养化的主要驱动因子。沉积物TP和TN平均含量分别为791和2691 mg/kg,为重度污染,有较高的释放风险。表层沉积物与表层水体之间TN相关性较弱,TP相关性较强,但受风速、水深等因素影响较大,湖面风速较高时浅水区域表层沉积物中P更容易释放至上覆水。入湖河流的外源输入以及风浪作用下沉积物再悬浮导致的营养盐浓...     

三峡水库典型支流上游区和回水区营养状态分析

2006年3、5、8月,对三峡水库成库后5条支流的上游区和回水区水质参数及营养因子分布进行了初步研究.研究结果表明,支流高锰酸盐指数范围在1.00-2.50mg/L、COD范围为6.00-26.5mg/L,上游区与回水区有机物含量差异不大,支流目前未受到有机物污染影响.NH_4~+-N范围为0.039-0.367mg/L,各支流含量均为丰水期最大.TN范围在0.58-1.67mg/L,TP范围在0.005-0.133mg/L,支流回水区TN和TP含量均远高于水体发生富营养化的最低限制值,水体存在发生富营养化的风险.大多支流N/P比值处于适宜藻类生长范围.Chl.a浓度范围为0.94-28.9mg/m~3,各支流回水区Chl.a浓度均为5月最大河流回水区Chl.a浓度高于上游区,上游区、回水区Chl.a含量有显著差异.选用修正的Carlson营养状态指数(Trophic State Index)TSI_M法,评价了支流水体营养状态,TSI_M指数范围在36.0-64.2,上游区除龙河、澎溪河5月达到富营养水平外,其余支流均为贫-中营养水平.回水区各支流均达到中-富营养水平.支流回水区营养状态指数均高于上游区,但各支流增加幅度不同.支流回水区水体营养状态明显受三峡水库蓄水水体流速减缓的影响.Chl.a与COD(n=15,P0.01)呈极显著正相关,与其它营养因子无明显相关关系.三峡水库完工后,支流回水区水体流速减缓,富营养化趋势可能加重.     

滇东湖泊水生植物和浮游生物碳、氮稳定同位素与元素组成特征

稳定同位素示踪方法是研究生态系统组成与功能的重要手段,有助于认识湖泊食物网的基本组成与生物地球化学循环的主要过程.本研究选择了云南省东部地区营养水平不同的10个湖泊,开展了高等水生植物(沉水植物、漂浮植物)、浮游植物与浮游动物的空间调查,分析了不同生物在碳、氮稳定同位素信号与元素组成上的分布模式.在碳稳定同位素信号的分布上,漂浮植物在4种生物类型中最为偏负且变化幅度最小,为-28.99‰±0.86‰;浮游动物碳稳定同位素(-20.85‰±2.70‰)的分布特征与浮游植物(-21.88‰±2.97‰)显著相似;而沉水植物的碳稳定同位素显著偏正且变化范围较大,平均值为-12.04‰±4.57‰.结果表明,碳源及其传输途径的差异是导致湖泊生物体内碳同位素信号不同的主要驱动过程.在氮稳定同位素信号上,同为初级生产者的沉水植物(5.43‰±5.84‰)、漂浮植物(5.58‰±7.38‰)与浮游植物(7.26‰±3.83‰)较为相似,而浮游动物氮同位素信号(11.02‰±3.18‰)显著高于浮游植物且平均富集约3.46‰,反映了湖泊生物随着营养级的增加出现较为明显的同位素分馏效应.在空间分布上,湖泊生物碳同位素信号受到水温、水深等因素的明显影响,氮同位素信号则随湖泊营养水平的增加而逐渐偏正.与长江中下游等地区相比,云南湖泊生物的碳、氮元素含量总体偏高;同时,代表内源有机质组分的水生植物和浮游生物C/N质量比值都小于20.因此,本研究揭示的生物碳、氮同位素信号与元素组成特征可为评价高原湖泊食物网组成与生物地球化学循环提供重要的科学依据.     

寡-中营养型水体偶发性蓝藻水华的驱动因素分析——以南京方便水库为例

寡-中营养型水体中,虽然营养盐水平偏低,但仍会偶发性出现较为严重的蓝藻水华现象,其具体机制仍有待深入探索研究.本研究以偶发水华水体方便水库为例,通过历史数据分析和调查研究,探讨了其水华蓝藻的优势类群,并分析了蓝藻水华形成的主要驱动因素.研究发现:方便水库优势的水华蓝藻为浮丝藻和长孢藻,这两种丝状蓝藻是发生偶发性蓝藻水华的潜在风险物种,其中浮丝藻的发生风险最高,风险时段为7-9月.方便水库多年来营养盐浓度呈现下降的趋势,其中总氮浓度的下降趋势快于总磷浓度,整体有利于蓝藻水华的防控,但是营养盐的波动,尤其是随着降雨导致的地表径流入库对水体总磷的脉冲式补充,降低了水体氮磷比,增加了水库偶发蓝藻水华的风险;在营养盐满足的条件下,水温、高锰酸盐指数和氧化还原电位是发生浮丝藻水华的主要驱动因素,氧化还原电位、水温和透明度是发生长孢藻水华的主要驱动因素.本研究结果有助于提升对偶发性蓝藻水华机制的认识和应急处置工作的精准性.     

海洋动物营养生态位研究方法及其应用

食物资源对海洋动物的生存和繁衍至关重要。海洋动物的营养生态位描述了其在海洋生态系统中的生态地位及功能, 对分析种间关系和资源分配模式、了解群落结构与功能具有重要的指示作用。本文在整理近30年来国内外相关研究的基础上, 系统归纳了当前海洋动物营养生态位研究的主要方法(胃含物分析、整体组织稳定同位素分析、脂肪酸组成分析和特定化合物稳定同位素分析)及其应用领域, 着重归纳总结了量化营养生态位宽度和重叠的生态模型, 并分析了各营养生态位评估方法的优势和局限性。同时在此基础上, 对今后研究方向提出了展望, 以期为我国海洋动物摄食生态学相关研究工作提供参考。     

The gastropod genus Thalassocyon Barnard, 1960

The tonnacean genus Thalassocyon Barnard, 1960 contains only two species, T. bonus Barnard, 1960 from deep water off South Africa and T. mi Dell, 1967 from deep water off northern New Zealand. The genus is removed from the Cymatiidae and placed in the Ficidae on the basis of shell morphology, the reduced periostracum and the details of the radula.     

Prey selection and dietary overlap of shortfinned (Anguilla australis) and longfinned (A. dieffenbachii) eels during summer in the Horokiwi Stream,New Zealand

Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected and the diets of shortfinned eels (Anguilla australis) and longfinned eels (Anguilla dieffenbachii) inhabiting a small coastal New Zealand stream were examined to investigate intraspecific and interspecific trophic partitioning and prey selection. Our results showed intraspecific segregation of preferred prey among three size classes of juvenile shortfinned eels, but there was significant overlap between different size classes of longfinned eels. All size classes of both species of eel fed nocturnally on similar prey, and so there was no indication of temporal or trophic segregation. Therefore, habitat separation is assumed to be the main mechanism to reduce interspecific competition in these two co‐occurring species of eels.     

Brown trout (Salmo trutta) removal by rotenone alters zooplankton and phytoplankton community composition in a shallow mesotrophic reservoir

Brown trout (Salmo trutta) are known to have effects on multiple trophic levels in New Zealand streams, but their impacts on lower trophic levels are less well understood within lentic systems. We examined the effects of brown trout removal using rotenone on zooplankton and phytoplankton community composition in the Upper Karori Reservoir, New Zealand. Significant shifts were observed in zooplankton and phytoplankton composition following removal of brown trout from the reservoir. Shifts in zooplankton community composition did not occur immediately following trout removal (February), but instead followed the likely timing of galaxiid spawning (July). The removal of brown trout likely resulted in reduced predation pressure on galaxiids. A major change occurred in the zooplankton community with the dominance shifting from larger crustaceans to smaller rotifers, indicating an increased predation pressure from the larval native galaxiid. A delayed response in zooplankton community composition change indicates rotenone was not the direct cause of this. A major shift in phytoplankton community composition occurred immediately following trout removal. This was not consistent with the trophic cascade hypothesis of reduced grazing pressure from larger zooplankton due to increased galaxiid predation as a result of brown trout removal.     

The other 93%: trophic cascades,stressors and managing coastlines in non-marine protected areas

Abstract

This paper reviews interactions involving stands of macroalgae on rocky reefs, and presents new data on changing sea surface temperatures (SSTs), as a contribution to the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Leigh Marine Laboratory (LML) of the University of Auckland. The focus is on trophic interactions involving predators, sea urchins and large brown algae, particularly trophic cascades. Of the 369 publications arising from work at LML, 40 have been on key aspects of these trophic interactions. Quantitative investigations of the structure of kelp bed communities and mechanistic studies involving manipulative field-based experiments, essentially a bottom-up perspective based on habitats and key species, dominated the research through the 1980s. From the mid-1990s onwards, the focus was more on marine reserves and a hierarchical, top-down perspective of community structure, with a particular focus on the role of predatory fish, and marine reserves as a tool of management. I discuss these models of community structure of kelp beds within the wider context of the New Zealand nearshore zone, the varying biogeographic regimes around the coastline, diffuse stressors and the changing nearshore climate. I show there appears to have been a significant warming trend in SST in northeast and northwest New Zealand over the past 30 years. I conclude that a trophic effects model is unlikely to apply to much of the coastline of New Zealand, and that a model involving multiple effects, including bottom-up forces, environmental and climatic influences, species' demographics, and catchment-derived sedimentation is more appropriate for kelp communities over most of the country. New management models are needed to safeguard marine resources and the services they provide.     

脂肪酸标志物在海洋生态系统营养关系研究中的应用

脂肪酸在食物链传递过程中相对保守,可以作为标志物示踪研究海洋生物间的营养关系.脂肪酸标志物属于营养学标志物的一种,是海洋生态系统营养关系研究中很有发展前景的分析方法之一.总结概括了目前国际上应用较广泛的脂肪酸标志及脂肪酸标志体系的建立过程、近年来脂肪酸标志物在海洋生态系统营养关系研究中的应用领域,展望了脂肪酸标志法的应...