3D打印弯曲根系拉拔力学特性试验研究

天然根系具有不同弯曲形态,对根土相互作用特性影响极大。以往研究多将根系视为顺直,未充分考虑弯曲根系拉拔受力变形特征、破坏模式。利用3D打印技术制作弯曲根系,开展3种根径（2.0,3.5,5.0 mm）、5种弯曲度（1.00,1.05,1.10,1.15,1.20）的根系拉伸、拉拔试验,探索弯曲根系的拉拔力学特性。结果表明：根系拉伸特性受到弯曲结构和自身材料性质共同影响,根系最大拉伸力、拉伸变形刚度随弯曲度增加而减小,随直径增加而增大;根系峰值拉拔力随弯曲度增加呈先增大后减小,弯曲度1.15时最大,峰值拉拔位移呈类似变化趋势;弯曲根系齿肋挤压土体形成啮合作用,有助于增强根土相互作用;弯曲细根系的拉伸力和拉伸刚度低,更容易与土体协同变形承担拉拔荷载。弯曲根系受力变形与直根系差异极大,研究结果可为弯曲形态根系固土评价提供理论参考。     

ERA5再分析资料在辽宁省的适用性分析与订正

为系统研究ERA5再分析资料在辽宁省的适用性,本文基于近10a辽宁省62个地面站和9个探空站（省内4部,省外5部）资料,提取了温度、湿度、气压、风场等业务和研究中常用物理量,采用统计分析方法对ERA5资料在辽宁省的适用性进行了分析,并尝试使用机器学习的方法订正ERA5资料的偏差。结果表明：在地面观测要素分析中,2 m温度相关系数普遍较高,均方根误差普遍偏低,辽河流域及其西侧地区效果好于其他地区;10 m风速对比结果总体稍差,U分量相关系数总体低于V分量;ERA5资料质量有明显的月变化特征,相关系数总体呈现春秋季节高于夏冬季节,且相关系数总体较高的季节,均方根误差也普遍偏高。在高空观测要素分析中,辽宁中部地区的数据质量要高于东西部两地区,温度的平均相关系数最高,相对湿度相关系数平均较低,均方根误差总体较大;相对湿度的相关系数在春夏之交时最低,夏季上升较快,夏秋之交时达到最高,相关系数快速上升的月份,均方根误差也呈现出快速上升的趋势;高空U风场和V风场的均方根误差总体相差不大,且均方根误差月变化相一致,总体经向风（V风场）质量低于纬向风（U风场）。通过机器学习的订正方法有效提升了地面温度和相对湿度的应用能力,使ERA5地面温度资料的均方根误差缩小0.5～1.0℃,使地面相对湿度资料的均方根误差缩小最高可达26%。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区退化人工林群落结构调整下细根特征分析

根系尤其细根在植物的生长发育中起着重要作用,以甘肃省定西市巉口镇龙滩流域的白杨及山杏2种典型退化人工林为研究对象,研究了人工林群落结构调整后形成的白杨+5年生油松、白杨+10年生油松及山杏+云杉、山杏+樟子松混交林与单一纯林相比不同深度、不同径级下细根的根长密度、根面积密度、根生物量密度、比根长及比根面积,以期揭示不同人工林恢复模式下的细根分布特征。结果表明:(1)混交恢复模式起到了一定的积极作用,大部分混交林相较于纯林细根的根长密度、根面积密度及根生物量密度在土壤表层均有所提高。混交林细根在浅层的占比得到了提高,且随恢复年限的增加而升高。(2)细根根长密度、根面积密度及根生物量密度与土壤全碳、全氮、含水量及有机碳之间以及比根长及比根面积与土壤全碳、土壤全氮及有机碳之间均存在显著正相关关系。     

时间序列回归预测模型在自动化监测中的应用

在边坡自动化监测过程中,由于传输信号中断、设备故障、电源中断及传感器替换等原因,不可避免地出现监测数据缺失的现象.数据的缺失对后续的边坡稳定性分析及预测带来不确定的因素,使分析结果产生偏差.本文针对边坡自动化监测数据缺失这一现象,采用时间序列回归预测模型对不同数据缺失率的边坡监测数据进行填补,通过填补值与真实值之间的绝...     

地震应急中的应用层多播技术网络视频会议系统

根据应用层多播技术,通过网络多对多传送声音及视频讯号的原理,用应用层多播中的树优先建立方法,进行了网络多播通信方面的研究,实现了一种可以在地震应急中使用的网络视频会议系统.网络仿真实验证明,该系统在地震应急工作中较为实用.     

A ＂Dressed＂ Ensemble Kalman Filter Using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model in the Pacific

The computational cost required by the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) is much larger than that of some simpler assimilation schemes, such as Optimal Interpolation (OI) or three-dimension variational assimilation (3DVAR). Ensemble optimal interpolation (EnOI), a crudely simplified implementation of EnKF, is sometimes used as a substitute in some oceanic applications and requires much less computational time than EnKF. In this paper, to compromise between computational cost and dynamic covariance, we use the idea of ``dressing' a small size dynamical ensemble with a larger number of static ensembles in order to form an approximate dynamic covariance. The term ``dressing' means that a dynamical ensemble seed from model runs is perturbed by adding the anomalies of some static ensembles. This dressing EnKF (DrEnKF for short) scheme is tested in assimilation of real altimetry data in the Pacific using the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) over a four-year period. Ten dynamical ensemble seeds are each dressed by 10 static ensemble members selected from a 100-member static ensemble. Results are compared to two EnKF assimilation runs that use 10 and 100 dynamical ensemble members. Both temperature and salinity fields from the DrEnKF and the EnKF are compared to observations from Argo floats and an OI SST dataset. The results show that the DrEnKF and the 100-member EnKF yield similar root mean square errors (RMSE) at every model level. Error covariance matrices from the DrEnKF and the 100-member EnKF are also compared and show good agreement.     

数字流域模型的河网编码方法

在数字流域模型中提出了一种基于二叉树理论,并以二元形式表示的河网编码方法。这种编码方法能够实现任意河段的直接定位和高效的拓扑关系运算。阐述了数字流域模型河网编码方法的主要思路和基本定义,给出了这种编码方法对河网拓扑关系的描述方式,并结合实例分析了其数值特征。给出了数字流域模型的河网编码中若干具体问题的算法。     

阿尔泰山南坡1821-2014年树轮汞浓度变化及其对气候的响应

研究汞的历史环境水平,对于认识人为汞的再排放和评估汞污染治理的有效性有重要意义。然而全球大气汞的监测站点和监测数据有限,因此需要利用代用资料来表征大气汞的长期变化。树木年轮是记录大气汞变化趋势的潜在优质档案。本研究建立了阿尔泰山南坡青河地区1821-2014年的树轮汞浓度变化序列,分析了气候对树轮汞浓度的影响,并从全球和区域角度探讨了汞浓度变化的原因。结果表明：1821—2014年青河地区平均树轮汞浓度为1.36±0.28 ng·g-1。相关分析显示树轮汞浓度变化与年平均最低气温（r=0.268, p<0.05, n=57）和平均水汽压（r=0.326, p<0.05, n=57）呈显著正相关,与平均2分钟风速呈显著负相关（r=-0.356, p<0.01, n=57）,表明气候可能会影响树木年轮中汞的积累。1820s—1980s树轮汞浓度呈缓慢上升趋势,在此期间出现1850s—1860s中后期和1980s中后期两个峰值。1990s—2000s初期树轮汞浓度相对平稳。自2000s中后期,树轮汞浓度逐渐下降,可能与各国相继实施空气污染控制法规有关。     

Indirect dating of an olive tree planting event using luminescence of the sediments lying beneath the roots of the tree: a pilot study in the south-western part of Anatolia,Turkey

The aim of the present study is to attempt assessing the age of a monumental olive tree located between the Antique Cities of Militus (Didim-Aydın region) and Iasos (Milas-Muğla region). Wood from the trunk of an olive tree is not appropriate for conventional dating approaches such as dendrochronology or ¹⁴C. The sediments closely located surrounding and beneath the roots of the olive tree are considered indicative of the age of the planting event; therefore these sediments were dated using both quartz and feldspar luminescence signal protocols. Methodological aspects including the preheating plateaus, equivalent dose statistical approaches and dose rate using gamma spectrometry are also discussed, as dating of the associated palaeochannel sediments of the area are presented for the first time in the dating literature. The optically stimulated luminescence and/or infrared stimulated luminescence ages are extrapolated to date the event of the tree planting; it is the first time in the literature that an age is reported for an olive tree in the eastern Mediterranean region. The present study stands as the first experimental evidence that olive trees have been cultivated in the area since the Iron Age.     

Chandrayaan-1 observation of distant secondary craters of Copernicus exhibiting central mound morphology: Evidence for low velocity clustered impacts on the Moon

Analysis of the Chandrayaan-1 Terrain Mapping Camera image of a 20 km×27 km area in the Mare Imbrium region revealed a cluster of thousands of fresh and buried impact craters in the size range of 20-1300 m. A majority of the large fresh craters with diameter ranging from 160 to 1270 m exhibit near-circular mounds (30-335 m diameter and 10-40 m height) in the crater floor, and their size depends on the host crater size. The origin of this cluster of secondary craters may be traced to Copernicus crater, based on global lunar image and the analysis of Chandrayaan-1 Hyper Spectral Imager data. Our findings provide further evidence for secondary crater formation by low-velocity impact of a cloud of clustered fragments. The presence of central mounds can also distinguish the secondary craters from the primary craters and refine the chronology of lunar surface based on counting of small craters.