Three-dimensional architecture and development of Danian bryozoan mounds at Limhamn, south-west Sweden, using ground-penetrating radar

Bryozoan mounds from the middle Danian (Lower Palaeocene) of the Danish Basin represent a possibly new class of non‐cemented skeletal mounds. The sedimentology and palaeoecology of the mounds have recently been studied in detail. Three‐dimensional images of middle Danian bryozoan mound structures in the Limhamn limestone quarry, south‐west Sweden, obtained from combined reflected ground‐penetrating radar signals and outcrop analysis provide new information about the architecture and growth development of such mounds. The mounds are composed of bryozoan limestone and dark‐grey to black flint bands which outline mound geometries. Ground‐penetrating radar data sections are collected over a 120 m by 60 m grid of data lines with trace spacing of 0·25 m, providing a depth penetration of 7 to 12 m and a vertical resolution of ca 0·30 m. The ground‐penetrating radar images outline the geometry of the internal layering of the mounds which, typically, have widths and lengths of 30 to 60 m and heights of 5 to 10 m. Mound architecture and growth show great variability in the ground‐penetrating radar images. Small‐scale mound structures with a palaeorelief of only a few metres may constitute the basis for growth of larger mounds. The outermost beds of the individual mounds are commonly characterized by sub‐parallel to parallel reflections which have a circular to slightly oval appearance in map view. The mounds are mainly aggrading and do not show clear signs of pronounced lateral migration during growth, although some mound structures indicate a preferential growth direction towards the south. Growth patterns interpreted from the ground‐penetrating radar images suggest that the palaeocurrents in the study area may have shown great variability, even on a small scale. This observation is in contrast to results from studies of extensive, slightly older early Danian mound complexes exposed in coastal cliffs at Stevns Klint and Karlby Klint located 50 and 200 km away from the study area, respectively. At these locations the mounds show a remarkably uniform development and typically are asymmetrical, clearly showing migration directions towards the south. These differences in mound geometry may be the result of differences in the current systems and water depths that existed during formation of the early and middle Danian mounds, respectively. The mounds at Limhamn were located closer to the basin margin in shallower water than those at Stevns Klint and Karlby Klint. In addition, the difference in mound architecture may be due to the occurrence of non‐layered, irregular coral mounds intercalated with the bryozoan mounds at Limhamn.     

Human fatalities from wind-related tree failures in the United States, 1995–2007

There were 407 deaths from wind-related tree failures in the United States, 1995–2007. The most common cause of the deadly fallen tree was a thunderstorm (41%), followed by nonconvective high winds (35%), tropical cyclones (14%), tornadoes (7%), and snow and ice (3%). Most (62%) of the deaths were males while the median age was 44 years. The most common location of the fatality was in a vehicle struck by the tree or a vehicle that crashed into a downed tree on the road (44%), followed by persons outdoors (38%), in mobile homes (9%), and in frame houses (9%). Persons killed by wind-related tree failures during tropical cyclones and tornadoes were more commonly at home (40%) when struck than those killed at home by thunderstorm and nonconvective high winds (13%). Seasonality of the deaths varied by weather type with deaths in thunderstorms clustered during May–August, nonconvective high winds October–April, tropical cyclones August–October, tornadoes in April and November, and snow and ice December–April. Regional patterns result from frequency of the wind events, population density, and tree cover. Suggestions are made for hazard reductions.     

事故树方法在泥石流灾害分析中的应用

为了解决泥石流灾害预防工作中的实际问题,通过系统安全工程的事故树分析方法,找到影响泥石流灾害产生的主要因素,建立泥石流灾害事故树图,从最小割集、最小径集、结构重要度三个方面全面分析,阐述了各基本事件对泥石流发生的影响程度,以及它们之间的逻辑关系,找到预防关键因素。最后,结合实际情况,对预防泥石流灾害提出了具体建议。     

RTK技术建立图根控制点高程精度研究

结合工程实践和目前GPSRTK的应用状况,研究了GPSRTK建立图根高程的精度状况,得出几点结论,为今后的RTK工程作业提供了参考.     

Delaunay三角网的交互编辑算法设计与实现

本文在基于四叉树分块构建Delaunay三角网的基础上,设计与实现了面向大地形编辑的以四叉树为空间索引的三角网交互实时编辑系列算法,其中包括约束点的加入、约束线的加入以及共点三角形的快速查找算法。以上算法的设计与实现是地形编辑的基础算法,算法的执行效率对以地形为代表的三维实体的实时编辑以及相关地物模型的拟合具有重要意义。     

一种基于序列影像匹配的独立树冠可视化方法

介绍采用非量测相机与序列影像匹配实现独立树冠3维重建的方法。主要包括从影像提取特征点：使用多基线影像与金字塔分层相关技术进行特征点匹配;解算影像的相对方位参数;由前方交会求出各特征点的模型坐标;由模型坐标构造树冠表面三角网;由纹理映射得到树冠3维模型景观图,实现树木可视化的真3维表达。     

吉林和龙第二林场铁矿床地质特征及找矿方向

该铁矿床产于中太古界夹皮沟群三道沟组地层中,与桦甸市老牛沟铁矿、桦甸市头道岔铁矿及和龙市官地铁矿相同,均为沉积变质型铁矿床。空间上矿体呈条带,受地层控制,该矿床的找矿成果对指导区域铁矿地质找矿具有实际应用意义。     

基于光谱特征的雅鲁藏布江源区草地类型识别

以雅鲁藏布江源区为研究对象,以Landsat5 TM图像为数据源,根据不同草地类型的波段组合特征,结合源区1∶100万植被类型图、DEM和NDVI数据,构建草地判别规则,利用决策树分类法对雅鲁藏布江源区草地类型进行遥感识别。研究结果表明:①不同类型草地因其生境不同,利用不同波段组合特征进行草地类型识别能够达到较好的效果;②与传统的监督分类法相比,基于波段组合特征的决策树分类法具有较高的识别精度(总体精度提高了15.4%,Kappa系数提高了0.225);③在海拔4 400～5 000 m区域内,固沙草草原面积最大,其次为矮嵩草和小嵩草混生草甸,再次为变色锦鸡儿和金露梅灌丛,藏北嵩草草甸面积最小。     

GPS—RTK在山区地形测量中的应用——以新乡市凤泉山区为例

GPS-RTK技术给测绘业带来了一次革命,它快速、精确的定位方式使得其应用于测绘的各个领域,本文以河南省新乡市凤泉山区1∶1000数字地形图测绘为例对GPS-RTK在数字化测图中的应用进行具体的介绍。     

胶东半岛果园TM影像信息的提取决策树方法

本文选取胶东半岛最具代表性的5个果品县(市)为研究区,以Landsat TM影像数据为分类影像,尝试提取果园信息。选用可以"无缝"融入多种辅助信息的决策树分类方法,综合NDVI、地形地貌和缨帽变换等多种辅助信息,利用年内物候变化最大的果园与背景地物的光谱差异,进行果园信息提取;利用SPOT影像以及野外考察资料作为检验样本进行精度验证。表明综合多种辅助信息,利用决策树分类法提取TM影像果园信息可行且准确性较高。