探地雷达探测地下目标时的波速估计

在利用探地雷达(GPR)进行工程检测过程中，电磁波在地下介质中的传播速度是影响埋深计算精度的关键参数之一。本文通过吸取几种波速求取方法的优点，给出一种精度高、操作性强的波速求取法——刚性界面反射系数法；并利用此法，由LTD探地雷达实测数据求得整条测线的速度曲线。经检验，借助于少量钻芯数据，利用此法可使公路面层厚度检测的相对误差小于5％。     

Using sediment travel distance to estimate medium‐term erosion rates: a 16‐year record

Fine grained (80 µm) magnetite was introduced onto a semi‐arid grassland hillslope in 1992, as part of a set of rainfall‐simulation experiments. Using measurements of magnetic susceptibility, the median distance travelled by these magnetite grains during subsequent natural runoff events in the 16‐year period up to 2008 was estimated. Coupling this estimate to direct measurements of sediment flux obtained during the rainfall‐simulation experiments has enabled estimation of the erosion rate over this period. The estimated average erosion rate of between 2·61 × 10^?2 and 4·36 × 10^?2 kg m^?1 year^?1, is equivalent to a rate of ground lowering between 0·020 and 0·033 mm year^?1. This estimate is consistent with (in the sense of being less than) an estimate of total sediment detachment over the same period. The rate of erosion measured using this travel‐distance approach is an order of magnitude less that obtained from a study based on ¹³⁷Cs in a nearby catchment, and compatible with the longevity of continents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

银根-额济纳旗盆地苏红图坳陷H井锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年及其地质意义

苏红图坳陷位于银根-额济纳旗盆地的北部,该区勘探程度较低,地层格架尚不明确,特别是对于深部火山岩所在地层年代存在很大争议。研究区火山岩发育,火山活动对油气成藏影响较大,但火山活动期次尚不明确。通过对研究区一口钻井系统取样,样品涵盖浅部的沉积岩和深部的火山岩,开展样品的锆石U-Pb年代学研究,以期为以上问题的解决提供证据。结果表明:①无论是碎屑锆石还是火山岩锆石,除了少数古老年龄的锆石属于变质成因,其余年轻的锆石均属于岩浆成因锆石。每个样品均有3组年龄,且不同样品的锆石年龄组有所重叠。②深部火山岩的形成年代为早白垩世,该年龄对火山岩所在的深部地层年代具有很好的约束作用。③年轻的岩浆成因锆石年龄可划分为4组,分别是132.6±0.7 Ma、237.9±3.2 Ma、（255.4±6.2~263.7±2.2）Ma和（314.1±2.3~328.5）Ma,代表了研究区晚古生代以来的4期火山活动,对应的年代分别为早白垩世、中三叠世、晚二叠世和早石炭世,其中以晚二叠世火山活动最为广泛和强烈。本次研究成果为研究区地层划分、火山岩预测等提供了有力的依据。     

中国村镇居民跨区域出行与乡村地域系统调查研究

村镇居民出行特征是反映乡村生活质量的关键指标,是乡村地域系统的主要组成要素,也是乡村交通规划的重要依据。采用2016年住建部全国小城镇调查的村镇居民调查数据,分析中国31个省(自治区、直辖市)(未含港澳台地区数据)119个建制镇的村镇居民的跨区域出行规律,揭示村、镇、县、市之间相互联系特征,并应用多水平有序逻辑斯蒂回归模型(Meologit),分析个体社会经济属性、小城镇服务设施供给、区位和对外交通便利性对村镇居民跨区域出行频率的影响。分析结果表明,乡村地区传统地域系统正在发生变化,虽然"村-镇-县"等级结构模式依然是主体,但"村-县"和"镇-市"的联系在增强;对村庄居民来说,县城一级服务地的服务和商品的重要性凸显;乡村居民跨区域出行特征存在地区差异,东部沿海和西部大城市周边的村镇居民的出行频率高于中部地区,平原和丘陵地区居民出行频率高于山地、高原地区,地区间差异随出行目的地等级提高而更加明显;随着"村村通公路"的基本全覆盖,地理区位和交通设施条件不再是影响居民城乡联系的主要因素,居民的高品质生活出行需求、收入增加和小汽车拥有率提升等因素对居民跨区域出行的影响在增强,通过"大修大建"乡...     

Isotope hydrology of the Allt a' Mharcaidh catchment,Cairngorms, Scotland: implications for hydrological pathways and residence times

The hydrology of oxygen‐18 (¹⁸O) isotopes was monitored between 1995 and 1998 in the Allt a' Mharcaidh catchment in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland. Precipitation (mean δ¹⁸O=−7·69‰) exhibited strong seasonal variation in δ¹⁸O values over the study period, ranging from −2·47‰ in the summer to −20·93‰ in the winter months. As expected, such variation was substantially damped in stream waters, which had a mean and range of δ¹⁸O of −9·56‰ and −8·45 to −10·44‰, respectively. Despite this, oxygen‐18 proved a useful tracer and streamwater δ¹⁸O variations could be explained in terms of a two‐component mixing model, involving a seasonally variable δ¹⁸O signature in storm runoff, mixing with groundwater characterized by relatively stable δ¹⁸O levels. Variations in soil water δ¹⁸O implied the routing of depleted spring snowmelt and enriched summer rainfall into streamwaters, probably by near‐surface hydrological pathways in peaty soils. The relatively stable isotope composition of baseflows is consistent with effective mixing processes in shallow aquifers at the catchment scale. Examination of the seasonal variation in δ¹⁸O levels in various catchment waters provided a first approximation of mean residence times in the major hydrological stores. Preliminary estimates are 0·2–0·8 years for near‐surface soil water that contributes to storm runoff and 2 and >5 years for shallow and deeper groundwater, respectively. These ¹⁸O data sets provide further evidence that the influence of groundwater on the hydrology and hydrochemistry of upland catchments has been underestimated. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Rayner, John N. Dynamic Climatology: Basis in Mathematics and Physics Blair, Alasdair and Hitchcock, David. Environment and Business Black, Brian. Petrolia: The Landscape of America's First Oil Boom Sharma, Martha B. and Elbow, Gary S. Using Internet Primary Sources to Teach Critical Thinking Skills in Geography Klemen?i?, Mladen (ed.) Atlas Europe Kliot, Nurit and Newman, David Geopolitics at the End of the Twentieth Century: The Changing World Political Map O’Sullivan, Patrick M. The Geography of War in the Post – Cold War World Duany, Andres, Plater‐Zyberk, Elizabeth, and Speck, Jeff. Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream Kayden, Jerold S. Privately Owned Public Space: The New York City Experience Borjas, George J. Heaven's Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy Andreas, Peter. Border Games: Policing the U.S.‐Mexico Divide England, John. Retail Impact Assessment: A Guide to Best Practice Outtes, Joel. O Recife: Gënese do Urbanismo, 1927 – 1943 (Recife: The Birth of Urbanism, 1927 –1943) Njoh, Ambe J. Urban Planning, Housing, and Spatial Structures in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Nature, Impact, and Development Implications of Exogenous Forces Hanson, Philip and Bradshaw, Michael (eds.) Regional Economic Change in Russia Pyne, Stephen J. Book Review Commentary: A response to Terence Young's review of Stephen J. Pyne's How the Canyon Became Grand     

唐山地区剪切波分裂研究

本文利用唐山地区的数字化地震资料,研究了唐山地区的剪切波分裂现象。通过对唐山强地面运动台网中七个台的三分向数字化记录资料的研究发现,1982—1984年发生的大部分地震都有较明显的S波分裂现象。七个台站的初至分裂S波的极化方向都在近东西方向,这与该地区的主压应力场方向相一致。各台慢S波延时的平均值在0.005—0.008s/km之间,由此可以粗略地估计得到各个台站的裂纹密度为:0.019(TS01,TS02,TS15),0.015(TS03,TS07,TS18)和0.024(T19)。     

Earthquake location in transversely isotropic media with a tilted symmetry axis

The conventional intersection method for earthquake location in isotropic media is developed in the case of transversely isotropic media with a tilted symmetry axis (TTI media). The hypocenter is determined using its loci, which are calculated through a minimum travel time tree algorithm for ray tracing in TTI media. There are no restrictions on the structural complexity of the model or on the anisotropy strength of the medium. The location method is validated by its application to determine the hypocenter and origin time of an event in a complex TTI structure, in accordance with four hypotheses or study cases: (a) accurate model and arrival times, (b) perturbed model with randomly variable elastic parameter, (c) noisy arrival time data, and (d) incomplete set of observations from the seismic stations. Furthermore, several numerical tests demonstrate that the orientation of the symmetry axis has a significant effect on the hypocenter location when the seismic anisotropy is not very weak. Moreover, if the hypocentral determination is based on an isotropic reference model while the real medium is anisotropic, the resultant location errors can be considerable even though the anisotropy strength does not exceed 6.10%.     

辽宁雨季和多雨季标准的划分研究

遵循针对性、可靠性、实用性和可操作性的原则,对1951—2005年降水量和副热带高压脊线资料进行了统计分析。结果表明:采用降水量作为雨季划分标准,以副热带高压脊线位置作为多雨季划分标准,可得出辽宁各地雨季、多雨季常年起止时间,历年最早、最晚起止时间,从而使雨季、多雨季得以定时、定量预报,进而为防灾、减灾工作提供气象依据。同时得出,辽宁平均雨季降水量占全年平均降水量的60.8%,95%的区域性暴雨(暴雨站数大于等于3)出现在雨季时段内,雨季日数与雨季期间暴雨次数相关系数为0.97,与雨季期间总降水量相关系数为0.98;较强降水过程、重大洪涝灾害集中在多雨季,多雨季时段内辽宁大范围区域性暴雨(暴雨站数大于等于10)次数占全年总次数的70%。多雨季日数的长短一定程度上决定了大范围区域性暴雨的次数,同时决定了多雨季期间的总降水量。     

对瞬变电磁测深几个问题的思考（四）——从不同角度看瞬变电磁场法的探测深度

从几个方面阐述了瞬变电磁（TEM）场法的探测深度,引用“烟圈效应”的等效电流环向下扩散深度,推导平面波场极大值扩散深度,并通过时频（T-F）分析阐明时间域、频率域探测深度的联系与区别。TEM场的扩散深度主要取决于延迟时间,地面实际探测到同样深度的信息所需时间至少是单向扩散深度时间的2倍,即双程时;根据电磁感应、电磁波的反射、频率测深曲线的假极值现象以及拟地震转换波的慢度等几个方面论述了此结论。论述的TEM探测深度的理论可为其应用扩展思路。