POLAR spacecraft observations of helium ion angular anisotropy in the Earth’s radiation belts

New observations of energetic helium ion fluxes in the Earth’s radiation belts have been obtained with the CAMMICE/HIT instrument on the ISTP/GGS POLAR spacecraft during the extended geomagnetically low activity period April through October 1996. POLAR executes a high inclination trajectory that crosses over both polar cap regions and passes over the geomagnetic equator in the heart of the radiation belts. The latter attribute makes possible direct observations of nearly the full equatorial helium ion pitch angle distributions in the heart of the Earth’s radiation belt region. Additionally, the spacecraft often re-encounters the same geomagnetic flux tube at a substantially off-equatorial location within a few tens of minutes prior to or after the equatorial crossing. This makes both the equatorial pitch angle distribution and an expanded view of the local off-equatorial pitch angle distribution observable. The orbit of POLAR also permitted observations to be made in conjugate magnetic local time sectors over the course of the same day, and this afforded direct comparison of observations on diametrically opposite locations in the Earth’s radiation belt region at closely spaced times. Results from four helium ion data channels covering ion kinetic energies from 520 to 8200 KeV show that the distributions display trapped particle characteristics with angular flux peaks for equatorially mirroring particles as one might reasonably expect. However, the helium ion pitch angle distributions generally flattened out for equatorial pitch angles below about 45°. Significant and systematic helium ion anisotropy difference at conjugate magnetic local time were also observed, and we report quiet time azimuthal variations of the anisotropy index.     

物联网技术在地震受困人员应急搜救中的应用研究

为能在搜救地震受困人员时,实时监测灾区情况,增强实时性及降低搜救误差,研究物联网技术在地震受困人员应急搜救中的应用,设计基于物联网的地震应急搜救系统,采用RFID识读器将采集的数据通过互联网传输至数据处理中心服务器上,再反馈至灾区信息处理子系统中的监测防御模块中,若出现异常情况则开启射频模块,命令现场报警装置响应报警应急搜救信号;通过蚁群算法获取最优搜救路线,及时搜救地震受困人员。实验结果表明,设计系统可有效搜救地震受困人员,且系统的吞吐率高达90%,搜救准确率均值高达97.6%,耗时均值仅为0.88 h,具有较高的搜救准确率和搜救效率。     

断层带震相及其应用研究现状与展望

Deep structure and material properties of faults can be understood by observing and simulating the particular phase in a fault fracture zone. This paper reviews the development of fault-zone seismic waves in the seismological domain. The present research status of fault-zone head wave and trapped wave are summarized systematically. Based on recent progress in this field, the paper discusses the prospect on the utilization of seismic wave in fault structure research.     

断层围陷波观测和应用

断层围陷波的观测特点是利用密集的地震台阵,横跨断层布设测线。可以利用爆炸震源也可以利用余震进行观测,本文分别介绍了实际观测的例子。对大地震破裂带内部的观测,测线位置通常布设在地表破裂带明显、已开挖了地震探槽、断层陡坎出露等地震地质的典型地段。利用爆炸震源激发观测断层围陷波,震源位置应尽量选择在断层带上,震源炸药量大约500kg,测线位置与震源的距离大约5—15km。断层围陷波在新破裂带和老的断层中都能形成和传播,因此该方法可以用于大震破裂带研究,也可以用于城市活断层探测。     

利用断层围陷波研究昆仑山口西8.1级地震破裂面

利用横跨地表破裂带的小点距的地震测线, 对2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级地震进行了断层围陷波的观测实验. 经过数字滤波和频谱分析等技术, 由地震记录图中分离出了断层围陷波. 资料处理结果表明: ① 无论是人工地震震源还是天然地震震源, 只要位于断层带内或紧靠断层带, 均能激发断层围陷波; ② 断层围陷波的能量主要集中于断层带内, 其振幅随测点与断层带距离的增加而急剧衰减; ③ 断层围陷波的优势频率与断层的宽度及断层带内介质的速度有关, 断层带越宽, 或断层带内部介质速度越低, 则观测到的断层围陷波的优势频率越低; ④ 断层围陷波存在着频散现象; ⑤ 根据昆仑山口西地震测线断层围陷波的观测结果, 可推断该处破裂面宽度为300 m左右, 远远大于地表破裂带的宽度.      

The impact of meso-scale eddies on the Subtropical Mode Water in the western North Pacific

Based on the temperature and salinity from the Argo profiling floats and altimeter-derived geostrophic velocity anomaly (GVA) data in the western North Pacific during 2002–2011, the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (NPSTMW) distribution is investigated and cyclonic and anti-cyclonic eddies (CEs and AEs) are constructed to study the influence of their vertical structures on maintaining NPSTMW. Combining eddies identified by the GVA data and Argo profiling float data, it is found that the average NPSTMW thickness of AEs is about 60 dbar, which is thicker than that of CEs. The NPSTMW thicker than 150 dbar in AEs accounts for 18%, whereas that in CEs accounts for only 1%. About 3377 (3517) profiles, which located within one diameter of the nearest CEs (AEs) are used to construct the CE (AE). The composite AE traps low-PV water in the center and with a convex shape in the vertical section. The ‘trapped depth’ of the composite CE (AE) is 300 m (550 m) where the rotational velocity exceeds the transitional velocity. The present study suggests that the anticyclonic eddies are not only likely to form larger amounts of NPSTMW, but also trap more NPSTMW than cyclonic eddies.     

马尼拉俯冲带中段增生楔精细构造特征及微型圈闭盆地发育模式探讨

对马尼拉俯冲带中段高精度地形数据编辑后绘制成图,联合之前所获取的地震剖面数据,对俯冲带增生楔的精细构造地貌特征及发育模式进行了深入探讨.在增生楔下构造区发现了大量狭长的微型圈闭盆地,经过对其平面断裂特点与深部应力状态的分析,发现增生楔从俯冲前缘到脊顶区其构造特点的转变对应着微型圈闭盆地4个完整的发育阶段,即初期的加积断裂阶段、中期的圈闭成盆阶段、后期的挤压消亡阶段乃至最终的隆升推覆阶段,揭示出一种新型的俯冲带增生楔发育模式,并推断其本质是深部板片俯冲活动所产生的压应力在海底面的表现.     

吉林省红旗岭矿区磁黄铁矿—镍黄铁矿矿石建造特征及其成因分析

本文对红旗岭矿区磁黄铁矿－镍黄铁矿矿石建造进行了研究。并通过矿石组特征，矿物形成温度，硫、锶同位素，岩体稀土元素特征等研究，进一步论述了磁黄铁矿与镍黄铁矿的物质来源于上地幔。属于深部岩浆熔离含矿熔浆冷凝而成。     

Low frequency variations in currents on the southern continental shelf of the Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea (CS) is the largest enclosed basin in the world, located inside the Eurasian continent in the Northern Hemisphere. Although there have been few studies of the dynamics of the coastal zone in the CS, observations show that oscillations with periods from 2–3 days to 1–3 weeks dominate. These oscillations are presumed to be related to the synoptic variability of direct wind impact and to coastally-trapped waves (CTW). Here, we describe and interpret current meter observations on the continental margins of the southern CS from 2012 to 2014 to identify and characterize CTW there. Time series analysis provides evidence for both remote and locally wind-forced eastward traveling signals with time lags consistent with CTW theory. A wind-forced model with two CTW modes is able to reproduce the structure, amplitudes, and phases of observed alongshore current fluctuations, explaining half of the variance at frequencies less than 1 cpd. Remote forcing effects are present at all times, but are most striking when the local winds are weak, as in summer. The CTW calculations also suggest that the source region for the remote forcing may extend farther north along the west coast of the CS.