长江流域径流量变化过程及其对ENSO和PDO的响应

根据宜昌站、汉口站和大通站的径流量数据,运用M-K检验和小波分析等方法,对1900年以来长江流域径流量的趋势和周期变化进行分析,探究径流量变化对厄尔尼诺?南方涛动（ENSO）和太平洋年代际振荡（PDO）的响应。结果表明：1900 年以来长江流域径流量呈显著的减少趋势,并具有2~8 a的年际周期变化和14~17 a的年代际周期变化。流域径流量与ENSO具有相同的2~8 a周期变化,在El Ni?o发生期,径流量较低,在La Ni?a发生期,径流量较高。14~17 a的周期变化与PDO相关,在暖位相期径流量偏少,在冷位相期径流量偏多。PDO影响着ENSO和径流量之间的相关性,在暖位相期,El Ni?o对径流量的影响增强,在冷位相期,La Ni?a对径流量的影响增强。因此,在分析和预测流域径流量长时间尺度上的变化时要综合考虑ENSO和PDO的影响。     

最佳小波包基的矿区植被及红边位置提取

小波包变换能同时对植被光谱信息的低频和高频分量进行分解,并能克服小波变换时间分辨率高而频率分辨率低的缺陷从而具有能够探测植被细微变化的优势。实验利用Hyperion高光谱影像对云南省普朗铜矿区植被像元的光谱进行最佳小波包基参量获取与植被信息识别,并在此基础上提出一种提取重金属污染下植被红边位置的最佳小波包基系数应用模型。研究结果表明基于最佳小波包基参量的植被信息识别及基于最佳小波包基系数的重金属污染探测具有可行性与一定优越性。     

中国大陆地区GNSS ZTD对超强东部型厄尔尼诺事件的响应

利用CMONOC提供的GNSS连续观测数据分析天顶对流层延迟（ZTD）代替水汽的可行性,并利用快速傅里叶变换（FFT）和小波变换(WT)开展GNSS ZTD对超强东部型厄尔尼诺事件的响应分析。结果表明,超强东部型厄尔尼诺事件会增加中国大陆地区水汽含量,在热带及亚热带地区响应更为显著;同时该事件会影响GNSS ZTD 的显著变化周期,使9个月的变化周期减弱,0.8~3个月内的变化周期增强。     

A virtual experiment technique on the elementary behaviour of granular materials with discrete element method

Multi‐scale investigations aided by the discrete element method (DEM) play a vital role for current state‐of‐the‐art research on the elementary behaviour of granular materials. Similar to laboratory tests, there are three important aspects to be considered carefully, which are the proper stress/strain definition and measurement, the application of target loading paths and the designed experiment setup, to be addressed in the present paper. Considering the volume sensitive characteristics of granular materials, in the proposed technique, the deformation of the tested specimen is controlled and measured by deformation gradient tensor involving both the undeformed configuration and the current configuration. Definitions of Biot strain and Cauchy stress are adopted. The expressions of them in terms of contact forces and particle displacements, respectively, are derived. The boundary of the tested specimen consists of rigid massless planar units. It is suggested that the representative element uses a convex polyhedral (polygonal) shape to minimize possible boundary arching effects. General loading paths are described by directly specifying the changes in the stress/strain invariants or directions. Loading can be applied in the strain‐controlled mode by specifying the translations and rotations of the boundary units, or in the stress‐controlled mode by using a servo‐control mechanism, or in the combination of the two methods to realize mixed boundary conditions. Taking the simulation results as the natural consequences originated from a complex system, virtual experiments provide particle‐scale information database to conduct multi‐scale investigations for better understanding in granular material behaviours and possible development of the constitutive theories provided the qualitative similarity between the simulation results from virtual experiments and observations on real material behaviour. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pore scale study of permeability and tortuosity for flow through particulate media using Lattice Boltzmann method

In this paper, Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has been used to study the effects of permeability and tortuosity on flow through saturated particulate media and identify the relationships between permeability and tortuosity with other parameters such as particles diameter, grain specific surface, and porosity. LBM is a simple kinematic model that can incorporate the essential physics of microscopic and mesoscopic processes involved in flow through granular soils. The obtained results indicate that the 2D LB model, due to its inherent theoretical advantages, is capable of demonstrating that the porosity and specific surface are the most influential parameters in determining the intrinsic permeability of granular media. The obtained results show that particles' size diameter has a two‐fold effect on the coefficient of permeability: one is through specific surface and the other is by tortuosity factor. Numerical study also reveals that tortuosity of granular soils decreases almost linearly with increasing the porosity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A physically constrained wavelet-aided statistical model for multi-decadal groundwater dynamics predictions

A physically constrained wavelet-aided statistical model (PCWASM) is presented to analyse and predict monthly groundwater dynamics on multi-decadal or longer time scales. The approach retains the simplicity of regression modelling but is constrained by temporal scales of processes responsible for groundwater level variation, including aquifer recharge and pumping. The methodology integrates statistical correlations enhanced with wavelet analysis into established principles of groundwater hydraulics including convolution, superposition and the Cooper–Jacob solution. The systematic approach includes (1) identification of hydrologic trends and correlations using cross-correlation and multi-time scale wavelet analyses; (2) integrating temperature-based evapotranspiration and groundwater pumping stresses and (3) assessing model prediction performances using fixed-block k-fold cross-validation and split calibration-validation methods. The approach is applied at three hydrogeologicaly distinct sites in North Florida in the United States using over 40 years of monthly groundwater levels. The systematic approach identifies two patterns of cross-correlations between groundwater levels and historical rainfall, indicating low-frequency variabilities are critical for long-term predictions. The models performed well for predicting monthly groundwater levels from 7 to 22 years with less than 2.1 ft (0.7 m) errors. Further evaluation by the moving-block bootstrap regression indicates the PCWASM can be a reliable tool for long-term groundwater level predictions. This study provides a parsimonious approach to predict multi-decadal groundwater dynamics with the ability to discern impacts of pumping and climate change on aquifer levels. The PCWASM is computationally efficient and can be implemented using publicly available datasets. Thus, it should provide a versatile tool for managers and researchers for predicting multi-decadal monthly groundwater levels under changing climatic and pumping impacts over a long time period.     

河西地区重力动态变化的二维离散小波多尺度分解

采用二维离散小波的多尺度分解技术，对1994～1995年和2002～2003年的河西地区重力动态变化进行分解，提取该地区不同层次的重力动态变化异常，结果反映了不同深度在一定尺度意义上的介质密度的动态变化分布。     

基于离散小波变换的数字水印技术

提出了一种基于小波分析的简单有效的数字水印嵌入和盲检测的算法。先将嵌入的水印信息加密，然后将加密后的水印信息嵌到相应DWT系数的有效嵌入位中，并使用适当的保真技术，减小图像因嵌入水印引起的失真。通过实验验证，该算法在对嵌入水印后的图像进行有损压缩、剪切、污染、添加各种噪声等处理后，提取出的水印仍表现出了较好的鲁棒性。