Study on copper complexing ligand concentrations in several China''s coastal waters

Copper complexing ligand concentrations in the Daya Bay, Qingdao coast, Jiaozhou Bay, South China Sea and Huanghe Estuary waters were determined by the anodic stripping voltammetry technique. The distribution regularity and the relationship with other parameters were discussed. The results were as follows： Copper complexing ligand concentrations of the South China Sea were a little higher than those of other sea areas, and they were apparently higher than those of the ocean. Compared with the subsurface layer （SSL） in the sea surface microlayer copper complexing ligand concentrations showed an enrichment phenomenon, of which the mechanism is similar to dissolved organic matter. The metal complexing ligand concentration profiles of the South China Sea showed that the value in the sea surface was the highest, then it decreased with depth accruing, and a higher value appeared at the bottom. Copper complex- ing ligand concentrations were higher than those of cadmium and lead. Ligands in each sea area exhibited a complicated property. In short, the distribution regularity of copper complexing ligand concentrations in China＇s coastal waters was consistent with that of other regions in the world. Meanwhile, the positive relationship between the copper complexing ligand concentrations and biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved organic carbon, and viscosity were found clearly.     

岩溶地下河浊度来源及对示踪试验影响的定量分析

定量示踪技术是分析岩溶含水层水力特征和岩溶水系统结构的重要手段,地下河浊度是制约定量示踪试验精确性的关键因素。针对西南典型岩溶地下河,以三次不同水动力条件下示踪试验为研究对象,通过对比分析浊度、流量及示踪剂浓度变化探讨浊度来源及其对示踪剂和管道参数的影响。试验过程中,确定存在上、下临界流量使水流从层流过渡为紊流状态,浊度主要来源从管道内部再悬浮颗粒过渡为外源悬浮物,计算上、下临界流量分别为0.7 m~3/s和0.4 m~3/s。通过浊度与示踪剂的相关关系研究浊度对示踪剂的影响,结果表明当浊度大于25时,浊度与示踪剂浓度呈负相关关系,且浊度越大,对示踪剂的影响越大。最后通过对比确定,第一次示踪试验浊度影响较小,并估算了岩溶管道参数,为进一步水资源评价提供基础。     

Entrainment,displacement and transport of tracer gravels

The mass and size distribution of grain entrainment per unit bed area may be measured by replacing a volume of the bed with tracer gravels and observing the mass difference before and after a transport event. This measure of spatial entrainment is relevant to any process involving size-selective exchange of sediment between transport and bed and may be directly used in calculations of sediment transport rate using an elementary relation for fractional transport components presented here. This relation provides a basis for evaluating tracer data collected by different methods and may be used to provide physical insight regarding the expected behaviour of tracer grains. The variation with grain size of total displacement length L_ti depends on the degree of mobilization of the individual fractions on the bed surface: L_ti is independent of D_i for smaller, fully mobile sizes and decreases rapidly with D_i for larger fractions in a state of partial transport (in which a portion of the surface grains remain immobile through the flow event). The boundary between fully and partially mobile grain sizes increases with flow strength. These inferences are supported by values of L_ti calculated from flume experiments and provide a physical explanation for a summary relation between L_ti and D_i based on field data. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

台湾以东黑潮及邻近东海水中的放射性核素及其对黑潮入侵的指示

根据2014年5—6月对台湾以东黑潮主流以及东海陆架海域的调查,研究了海水中放射性核素K-40、Ra-226和U-238的分布特征,并以放射性核素为指标定量评估了黑潮入侵东海的程度和范围。结果表明,黑潮主体放射性核素的含量有明显的层次差异,整体上看从表层至深层逐渐减小,K-40、Ra-226和U-238的含量范围分别为13.47—26.11、5.08—9.51和7.38—14.72m Bq/L。在台湾东部河流带来的陆源物质输入影响下,黑潮主流下游的放射性核素含量略高于上游。从水平分布上看,近岸海域放射性核素含量明显高于黑潮主流区,而长江口和杭州湾外也存在K-40和Ra-226的低值区,并且底层海水中更明显。海水的物理化学参数对放射性核素分布的影响不大,不同水团放射性核素的含量差异主要由陆源物质输入的不同引起。以放射性核素K-40、Ra-226以及温盐为指标,根据端元混合模型的计算结果显示,黑潮在台湾东北部涌升后,继续沿东北方向流动,并可入侵至长江口和杭州湾外,而福建近岸海域基本不受黑潮水的影响。放射性核素指标K-40和Ra-226可作为温盐参数的补充,用于指示黑潮入侵东海的程度和范围,并可结合温盐参数,用于多水团混合的半定量研究。     

Subsurface storm flow formation at different hillslopes and implications for the ‘old water paradox’

Although many studies over the past several decades have documented the importance of subsurface stormflow (SSF) in hillslopes, its formation is still not well understood. Therefore, we studied SSF formation in the vadose soil zone at four different hillslopes during controlled sprinkling experiments and natural rainfall events. Event and pre‐event water fractions were determined using artificially traced sprinkling water and ²²²Rn as natural tracer. SSF formation and the fraction of pre‐event water varied substantially at different hillslopes. Both intensity of SSF and fraction of pre‐event water depended on whether SSF in preferential flow paths was fed directly from precipitation or was fed indirectly from saturated parts of the soil. Soil water was rapidly mobilized from saturated patches in the soil matrix and was subsequently released into larger pores, where it mixed with event water. Substantial amounts of pre‐event water, therefore, were contained in fast flow components like subsurface storm flow and also in overland flow. This finding has consequences for commonly used hydrograph separation methods and might explain part of the ‘old water paradox’. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preconditioning and ozone hole filling in the Antarctic Spring

The temporal variations in mean zonal wind, horizontal temperature gradient at 30 mb and Total Ozone in Antarctic Spring (1 Sept.–30 Nov.) for nine seasons (1979–1987) were examined. The ozone hole filling commenced when the zonal flow decelerated to 50–58 m.sec^–1 at 30 mb. Our calculation of Rossby critical wave number with vertical shear suited for Antarctic Spring indicated that flow is preconditioned for vertical propagation of Rossby critical wave number two at this range of zonal flow. This preconditioning can be attributed to the diabatic heating in the Antarctic Spring since no sudden minor warmings/coolings have occurred during the period.     

Development of a foraminifera-based transfer function in the Basque marshes, N. Spain: Implications for sea-level studies in the Bay of Biscay

In order to reconstruct former sea level we have developed a foraminifera-based transfer function using three models based on a modern dataset of 59 samples and 23 species obtained from four Basque marshes in Northern Spain. The relationship between observed and foraminifera-predicted elevation illustrated the strong performance of the transfer function (r²_jack ranges from 0.74 to 0.81). These results indicated that precise reconstructions of former sea levels are possible (error ranges from 0.11 to 0.19 m). The transfer function was used to calibrate the foraminiferal assemblages collected from a 50 cm salt marsh core. We placed the foraminifera-based reconstructions into a temporal framework using ¹³⁷Cs, Pb concentrations, and ²¹⁰Pb-derived sediment accumulation rates. The resulting relative sea-level curve is in good agreement with regional tide-gauge data. Both instrumental data and microfossil records suggest a rate of relative sea-level rise of approximately 2 mm yr^− 1 for the 20th century.     

Boron Isotope Analysis of Silicate Glass with Very Low Boron Concentrations by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

We present an improved method for the determination of the boron isotopic composition of volcanic glasses with boron concentrations of as low as 0.4–2.5 μg g^?1, as is typical for mid‐ocean ridge basalt glasses. The analyses were completed by secondary ion mass spectrometry using a Cameca 1280 large‐radius ion microprobe. Transmission and stability of the instrument and analytical protocol were optimised, which led to an improvement of precision and reduction in surface contamination and analysis time compared with earlier studies. Accuracy, reproducibility (0.4–2.3‰, 2 RSD), measurement repeatability (2 RSE = 2.5–4.0‰ for a single spot with [B] = 1 μg g^?1), matrix effects (? 0.5‰ among komatiitic, dacitic and rhyolitic glass), machine drift (no internal drift; long‐term drift: ~ 0.1‰ hr^?1), contamination (~ 3–8 ng g^?1) and machine background (0.093 s^?1) were quantified and their influence on samples with low B concentrations was determined. The newly developed set‐up was capable of determining the B isotopic composition of basaltic glass with 1 μg g^?1 B with a precision and accuracy of ± 1.5‰ (2 RSE) by completing 4–5 consecutive spot analyses with a spatial resolution of 30 μm × 30 μm. Samples with slightly higher concentrations (≥ 2.5 μg g^?1) could be analysed with a precision of better than ± 2‰ (internal 2 RSE) with a single spot analysis, which took 32 min.     

喀斯特溶槽岩-土界面优势流及其对土壤水分动态的影响

通过对两个典型溶槽剖面的野外入渗实验,结合对入渗锋面的红外成像和染色示踪,分析溶槽中土壤湿润锋运移受岩—土界面优势流、初始水分状态（干湿程度和不均匀分布）及植被根系的影响程度。其结果表明:岩—土界面优势流增加入渗锋面到达处的土壤含水率是溶槽中部的1.1～14.5倍,但岩—土界面优势流形成的侧向水势梯度可降低优势流锋面下移;初始入渗中表土湿润锋运移主要受植被根系大孔隙优势流的影响,岩—土界面优势流作用不显著,但随着入渗深度的加大,岩—土界面优势流侧向弥散对湿润锋运移和土壤水分的影响加强。      

Concentrations and annual fluxes of sediment‐associated chemical constituents from conterminous US coastal rivers using bed sediment data

Coastal rivers represent a significant pathway for the delivery of natural and anthropogenic sediment‐associated chemical constituents to the Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the conterminous USA. This study entails an accounting segment using published average annual suspended sediment fluxes with published sediment‐associated chemical constituent concentrations for (1) baseline, (2) land‐use distributions, (3) population density, and (4) worldwide means to estimate concentrations/annual fluxes for trace/major elements and total phosphorus, total organic and inorganic carbon, total nitrogen, and sulphur, for 131 coastal river basins. In addition, it entails a sampling and subsequent chemical analysis segment that provides a level of ‘ground truth’ for the calculated values, as well as generating baselines for sediment‐associated concentrations/fluxes against which future changes can be evaluated. Currently, between 260 and 270 Mt of suspended sediment are discharged annually from the conterminous USA; about 69% is discharged from Gulf rivers (n = 36), about 24% from Pacific rivers (n = 42), and about 7% from Atlantic rivers (n = 54). Elevated sediment‐associated chemical concentrations relative to baseline levels occur in the reverse order of sediment discharges: Atlantic rivers (49%) > Pacific rivers (40%) > Gulf rivers (23%). Elevated trace element concentrations (e.g. Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) frequently occur in association with present/former industrial areas and/or urban centres, particularly along the northeast Atlantic coast. Elevated carbon and nutrient concentrations occur along both the Atlantic and Gulf coasts but are dominated by rivers in the urban northeast and by southeastern and Gulf coast (Florida) ‘blackwater’ streams. Elevated Ca, Mg, K, and Na distributions tend to reflect local petrology, whereas elevated Ti, S, Fe, and Al concentrations are ubiquitous, possibly because they have substantial natural as well as anthropogenic sources. Almost all the elevated sediment‐associated chemical concentrations found in conterminous US coastal rivers are lower than worldwide averages. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.