岩土应变损伤变量测度研究

岩土材料变形破坏损伤测度关系到其稳定性计算结果的可靠性。在考虑了现有岩土损伤模型不完备性的基础上,分析了岩土材料的损伤值存在上限1的非可达性,提出了以应变对线弹性本构曲线的偏离量（差应变）与应变的比值作为损伤量度的方法。根据试验结果进行计算分析表明,其可对初始损伤和临界损伤进行准确计算。同时,根据岩石脆性破坏试验,指出岩石在由弹性阶段向非弹性阶段过渡时存在材料损伤度的陡增区间,其与岩石材料内部微裂纹的扩展与相互屏蔽作用有关,在这个区间岩石的应变和损伤会出现局部化集中。      

Seismic risk assessment of interdependent critical infrastructure systems: The case of European gas and electricity networks

We study the seismic vulnerability of the interdependent European gas and electricity transmission networks from a topological point of view, whereby the electricity network depends on the gas network through gas‐fired power plants. First, we assessed the seismic response for each independent network; then we analyzed the increased vulnerability due to their interdependency. We implemented a probabilistic reliability model that encompasses the spatial distribution of both network structures and their seismic hazard exposure using a Geographic Information System. We characterized the network interdependency using the strength of coupling of the interconnections, together with the seismic response of the independent—gas—network. We calculated the network fragility curves of the independent and dependent networks in terms of various performance measures (connectivity loss, power loss, and impact on the population) and found that the gas network is more seismically vulnerable than the electricity network. The interdependency introduces an extra vulnerability to the electricity network response that decreases with the extensiveness of the networks' damage states. Damage was also evaluated at a local level in order to identify the most vulnerable parts of the network, where it was found that the potential for the highest power loss is located in southeast Europe. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Story-by-story estimation of the stiffness parameters of laterally-torsionally coupled buildings using forced or ambient vibration data: I. Formulation and verification

A new parameter estimation algorithm is described for identifying the stiffness properties of torsionally coupled shear buildings from their linear response due to ambient excitations or during low-amplitude forced-vibration tests. The algorithm is based on the time-domain equations of motion, and yields estimates of the stiffness properties using a measure of the equilibrium of forces acting on each floor over a time interval. The banded structure of the stiffness matrix — a property intrinsic to torsion-shear buildings — is exploited to decompose the initial inverse problem into several problems of reduced size. This decomposition allows the identification of lateral and torsional stiffnesses of individual stories, independent of the others. The algorithm utilizes vibration data where input excitation is known/measured, which is typical for forced-vibration tests and earthquakes. If the ambient vibrations of the structure are adequately uncorrelated to the (unknown) external forces that induce such vibrations, then the algorithm can also be modified for output-only system identification. The proposed algorithm is verified — and its various attributes are investigated — using simulation data from the ‘Analytical Phase I’ of the IASC (International Association for Structural Control)-ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) benchmark studies. The companion article is devoted to the algorithm's application to experimental data, using data from the ‘Experimental Phase’ of the same benchmark studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高强混凝土剪力墙地震损伤模型分析

在分析比较现有钢筋混凝土结构的地震损伤模型的基础上,根据高强混凝土剪力墙的滞回曲线特性及刚度退化规律,采用能量耗散系数和最大变位处的卸载刚度的退化为破坏参数,提出了适用于高强混凝土剪力墙构件的双参数地震损伤模型。依据已有的高强混凝土剪力墙构件试验研究结果,对损伤模型进行非线性回归分析,确定了相应的地震损伤模型参数,提出了高强混凝土剪力墙各性能水平的损伤指数以及相应于三水准抗震设防的损伤指数允许值。分析结果表明,按本文所提出的损伤模型计算得到的剪力墙构件最终破坏时对应的损伤指数,其平均值在合理范围内,标准差较小;损伤指数计算值对应的损伤程度基本符合试验结果,计算结果离散程度较低。     

爆炸作用下钢筋混凝土框架柱的动力及损伤分析

为了研究钢筋混凝土框架柱在爆炸冲击波作用下的反应,本文使用有限元分析软件AUTO-DYN对一个典型的钢筋混凝土底层框架柱进行了爆炸分析.设定了1m、3m、5m三种比例距离,各比例距离分别设置10 kg、50 kg、100 kg三种量级的TNT炸药.分析得到了各爆炸工况下柱子的动力响应及损伤形态.研究表明:柱子在爆炸冲击波作用下的动力响应对于比例距离的改变十分敏感;当炸弹在地面爆炸时,柱子最终破坏的区域总是在柱底到柱高的三分之一处;随着比例距离的增大,柱子最终的破坏形态由剪切型转变为弯曲型.     

储罐爆炸抛射碎片对目标储罐的破坏概率研究

化工储罐爆炸产生的抛射碎片击中并破坏相邻罐体后,将引发多米诺效应。N guyen破坏概率模型认为,当罐壳受撞击后,残余壁厚小于某个临界值时就会被破坏,并假设该临界残余壁厚为定值,存在不合理之处。本文基于储罐壳体损失面积安全评价方法AP I 579,把撞击形成的复杂凹坑简化为圆锥形,分别针对圆柱储罐、球罐推导出圆锥形凹坑剩余强度系数的求解方法,并根据塑性失效理论确定了罐壳的临界剩余强度系数,由此建立了新的破坏准则。在此基础上,采用蒙特卡罗法进行模拟,建立了新的爆炸碎片对目标储罐的破坏概率模型,与N guyen模型相比,得出的破坏概率偏大,结果更为安全保守。通过对剩余强度系数与无量纲撞击深度和凹坑锥角的变化关系进行分析,证明N guyen模型中临界残余壁厚为定值的假设并不合理,而新的基于剩余强度系数计算的破坏概率更为准确合理。     

基于损伤部位向量法的钢框架损伤识别研究

对损伤部位向量(DLV)法作了简单介绍,并用该方法对钢框架进行了损伤识别和损伤定位。该方法假定结构损伤前后为线性,对结构损伤前后柔度矩阵差进行奇异值分解,将奇异值为零所对应的向量,作为静荷载施加在无损结构的测点位置,则应力为零的单元为可能损伤的单元。对3种不同工况的钢框架进行了振动模态试验,用前3阶模态参数构造框架的柔度矩阵,按照DLV法对其进行了损伤识别,识别结果与已知损伤情况相一致。从测试自由度不完备、噪声和振型质量归一化系数这3个方面对识别效果进行了分析,结果表明:当损伤使结构动力特性有微小改变时,使用该方法不易定位损伤,应结合局部损伤识别方法进行判定;当损伤使结构动力特性有较大改变时,该方法能有效识别损伤的单元。DLV方法概念简单,理论明确,不受结构类型的限制,不需要结构的数学模型和模型缩聚或扩展技术,只需获得结构损伤前后的前几个低阶模态参数,即可识别结构一处或多处损伤,实际应用时可操作性强。     

保定市典型多层砖混结构震害预测分析

将保定市42栋典型多层砖混结构分别按照年代、用途、层数分类,采用结构易损性方法进行震害预测分析,得出各自震害矩阵,并以平均抗震能力指数评价其抗震能力。分析结论可为保定市多层砖混群体震害预测提供参考。