Application of lattice gas techniques to the study of sediment erosion and transport caused by laminar sheetflow

In order to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics of erosion and sediment transport on hillslopes, it seems important to clarify the role of some basic mechanisms involved in these processes. While there is evidence that this cannot be done using the theoretical framework of river hydraulics, the use of numerical analysis could be of considerable help. The nature of the problem requires a technique capable of solving Navier–Stokes equations at low Reynolds number, with geometrically complex boundaries and solid particles moving inside the flow field. All these requirements make a novel method, known as lattice gas automaton LGA, a natural candidate for the study of the hydrodynamics of sheetflows. However, due to the recent introduction of this technique, there is a lack of a clear definition of its operational limits. Considering the case of a viscous sheetflow on an erodible rough boundary, we argue that by using LGA the stream Reynolds number can be increased only at the expense of a reduction of the boundary shearing stress. Accordingly, LGA cannot profitably be used to study the beginning of sediment motion and transport. On the other hand, a further evolution of LGA, known as the lattice Boltzmann method, seems highly promising for the numerical study of the erosion processes that eventually lead to drainage network evolution along hillslopes. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Quaternary history of the subtidal central Wash,eastern England

The history of Quaternary sedimentation in the subtidal Wash is described using high-resolution seismic profiles. The Pleistocene sequence is divided into three depositional units, comprising Anglian till overlain by possible Late Devensian subglacial scour fill and lacustrine sediments. These latter sediments may provide further evidence for a lake in the Wash impounded by ice along the Lincolnshire–Norfolk coast. The Holocene sequence is divided into six depositional units, each truncated by the one above. Estuarine sediment resting on a marine flooding surface forms the earliest unit. This sediment was partially eroded by migration of the shoreface as the marine flooding progressed landward. The following four units comprise sand and gravel banks deposited on the erosion surface. Bank deposition was followed by an episode of tidal scour caused either by increased tidal current velocities following reclamation of the Fenland or by breakdown of postulated former offshore barriers. The youngest and most extensive Holocene unit rests on the scoured surface and comprises several types of deposit. These are: large sand banks around the periphery of the subtidal area with sediment extending seawards into two NE–SW aligned troughs; low sand banks on a central ridge dividing the troughs and partially covering the sediments in the troughs; thick gravels towards the mouth of the Wash; muddy sediments forming drapes over the sand in the centre of the Wash. The data provide information on the variety of processes related to the advance and retreat of Pleistocene ice sheets in eastern England and the subsequent Holocene marine flooding of the Wash–Fenland embayment. The Holocene sequence reveals periods of widespread sedimentation separated by periods of both local and regional erosion, with possible implications for climatic and hydrodynamic change. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of an interrill soil erosion model using laboratory catchment data

Physically based soil erosion simulation models require input parameters of soil detachment and sediment transport owing to the action and interactions of both raindrops and overland flow. A simple interrill soil water transport model is applied to a laboratory catchment to investigate the application of raindrop detachment and transport in interrill areas explicitly. A controlled laboratory rainfall simulation study with slope length simulation by flow addition was used to assess the raindrop detachment and transport of detached soil by overland flow in interrill areas. Artificial rainfall of moderate to high intensity was used to simulate intense rain storms. However, experiments were restricted to conditions where rilling and channelling did not occur and where overland flow covered most of the surface. A simple equation with a rainfall intensity term for raindrop detachment, and a simple sediment transport equation with unit discharge and a slope term were found to be applicable to the situation where clear water is added at the upper end of a small plot to simulate increased slope length. The proposed generic relationships can be used to predict raindrop detachment and the sediment transport capacity of interrill flow and can therefore contribute to the development of physically‐based erosion models. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

企鹅粪土层中石英砂表面的化学溶蚀形貌及实验模拟

利用电镜扫描的方法分析了南极阿德雷岛Y2湖企鹅粪土沉积层中石英砂微形貌的特征,发现在企鹅粪含量高的沉积层中石英砂表面具有明显的碗状溶蚀坑等化学溶蚀特征,这一溶蚀特征在Y2湖企鹅粪含量低的沉积层和研究区的其他未受企鹅粪影响的沉积环境中均未明显出现。为了揭示这一特殊化学溶蚀现象的作用机制,根据Y2湖企鹅粪土沉积层自然沉积环境,通过条件实验确定在实验室内使用酸性较高的氟溶液(1mol.L-1HF溶液)对石英砂进行溶蚀实验,通过对比分析发现,实验室模拟条件下可以得到与企鹅粪土沉积层中石英砂相近的表面微形貌特征,这表明它们是在相似的过程中形成的。企鹅粪土沉积层酸性高氟环境中可能存在的HF酸化学溶蚀作用是形成企鹅粪土层中石英砂表面特有溶蚀坑的主要原因。在南极特殊的自然条件下碗状溶蚀坑与企鹅粪之间存在一定的因果关系,从而使石英砂的表面微形貌分析成为南极企鹅生态研究的一种新的辅助手段。     

孕镶金刚石钻头磨损机理研究

孕镶金刚石钻头通过钻头胎体的持续磨损实现金刚石的自锐和高效破岩。因此,研究金刚石钻头磨损的影响因素及其影响程度和影响机理,对孕镶金刚石钻头的设计和使用非常重要。本次研究探讨了岩石物理力学性质、钻头胎体性能和钻进工艺参数等因素对孕镶金刚石钻头磨损过程和磨损机理的影响。分析表明,对钻头磨损最为显著的影响因素是岩石中的硬质颗粒导致的磨粒磨损,其次是钻头胎体与岩粉之间的粘着磨损,以及冲洗液中岩粉颗粒导致的冲蚀磨损。在此基础上,以不同硬度的钻头胎体摩擦磨损试验结果为例,探讨了钻头胎体性能及其内部硬质点对钻头磨损的影响机理。该研究成果可为科学设计与合理使用孕镶金刚石钻头提供依据。     

黄河三角洲北部岸滩的侵蚀演变

为研究黄河三角洲海底冲刷演变规律,2004年6月和9月,在黄河三角洲北部、飞雁滩以东岸段进行了2次共21条水深剖面测线的调查工作。通过1985年、1999年两期历史水深资料与本次实测水深资料的对比研究发现:自1985年以来,研究区一直处于冲蚀状态,1999年以后局部区域出现微弱淤积,侵蚀中心逐渐向东南、向岸迁移。测区总体演变趋势以侵蚀为主,强度逐渐减弱,并向冲淤平衡缓慢过渡。     

Rates and mechanisms of discontinuous gully erosion in a red-brown earth catchment,new south wales,australia

Rainfall, runoff, sediment discharge, and gully expansion were measured for five years in a small (45 ha) catchment in central N.S.W. Sixty per cent of the sediment produced from this catchment originated from gully erosion. Gully head erosion was episodic depending on pipe development, cracking, and soil detachment during small runoff events which prepared the heads for rapid soil movement by the infrequent large event.     

秦皇岛地区海岸侵蚀及主要原因

本文根据实际调查资料对秦皇岛地区海岸侵淤活动进行了分析,论述了控制条件和对滨海资源环境的危害。得出近50多年来,秦皇岛123.5km长海岸发生过6种不同形式的侵淤活动,有82.69km岸段发生不同程度的侵蚀活动,占总岸段的67%.海岸侵蚀的原因除风暴潮影响外,主要是海岸带物质补给来源持续减少和人工采挖砂石。海岸侵蚀活动除威胁滨岸工程设施安全外,还严重破坏旅游资源和土地资源,加剧海水入侵活动。      

有关粉尘释放模型的应力分配模式存在问题的讨论

准确模拟粉尘释放通量对评价粉尘气溶胶的气候效应、沙漠化和沙尘暴防治具有重要意义。敏感性试验、室内和野外风洞实验表明被广泛使用的DPM（Dust Production Model）粉尘释放模型的2个应力分配模式——Marticorena模式和 Alfaro模式存在明显问题：由于目前空气动力学粗糙度模式还不能考虑粗糙元间隙率和粗糙元分布状况空气动力学粗糙度的影响,以空气动力学粗糙度为主要参数的Marticorena模式和 Alfaro模式还不能考虑粗糙元间隙率和粗糙元分布状况对应力分配的影响,而相关实验表明这些因素对应力分配存在显著影响;Marticorena模式和 Alfaro模式预测的应力分配系数和起动摩阻风速存在显著差异,目前实验结果还不能判断二者正确与否;Marticorena模式和 Alfaro模式预测的能够有效控制风蚀的应空气动力学粗糙度与实际观测相矛盾。针对上述问题提出了通过风洞实验改进当前应力分配模式的主要途径。     

降水-植被耦合关系及其对黄土高原侵蚀的影响

降水、植被与侵蚀过程三者之间关系的研究,是地表过程领域中重要的科学问题,迄今未能完全解决。通过对黄土高原地区大量实测资料的分析,揭示了森林覆盖率和降雨侵蚀力随年降水量的非线性变化。发现了森林覆盖率随年降水变化过程中的临界点,即当年降水小于450 mm时,森林覆盖率很小且基本上不随年降水而变化;当年降水大于450 mm以后,森林覆盖率随年降水的增大而急剧增大。同时还发现,降雨侵蚀力随年降水量的变化过程也存在着两个临界点。当年降水量小于300 mm时,降雨侵蚀力很小且基本上不随年降水而变化;当年降水量超过300 mm时,降雨侵蚀力随年降水量的增大而迅速增大;当年降水量大于530 mm以后,降雨侵蚀力随年降水量增大的速率进一步加大。从分析与上述各临界点相联系的植被抗蚀力和降雨侵蚀力的对比关系入手,解释了黄土高原地区侵蚀强度随年降水变化的非线性图形,即随年降水的增大,侵蚀强度先是增大并达到峰值,然后再减小。并讨论了上述各个临界点对于黄土高原侵蚀治理的应用意义。