星洲银罗非鱼线粒体细胞色素b基因的序列分析

克隆并测定了星洲银罗非鱼(Oreochromis sp.)细胞色素b基因(cyt b)的全序列,得到全长1 141bp的序列用于分析,用MEGA4.0分析软件与GenBank中的线粒体DNA序列进行序列比较,显示星洲银罗非鱼与其他鱼类的cyt b基因的同源性较高,同源度介于83%~93%间;根据星洲银罗非鱼与莫桑比克罗非鱼、尼罗罗非鱼等12种鱼类的cyt b基因序列构建的系统进化树,初步确定尼罗罗非鱼、莫桑比克罗非鱼为星洲银罗非鱼的父母本。     

低温贮藏罗非鱼微生物学质量变化特性和保藏期

进行了罗非鱼在0,5,10,15℃贮藏过程中的微生物学质量变化特性和高品质期、货架期的研究,并对其特定腐败菌假单胞菌、细菌总数、VBN与感官评价的一致程度进行了探讨。结果表明,罗非鱼在0～15℃温度区域是淡水鱼中鲜度下降慢的鱼种,在0,5,10,15℃贮藏中,罗非鱼的高品质期分别为11,6,3和1.5d,货架期分别为20,9.5,5和2.5d。高品质期和货架期终点的假单胞菌数平均为(6.27±0.23)Log10cfu·g-1和(7.70±0.11)Log10cfu·g-1,显示了假单胞菌计数与罗非鱼的感官鲜度及保藏期具有较可靠的一致性。高品质期和货架期终点的细菌总数平均为(6.84±0.60)Log10cfu·g-1和(8.08±0.41)Log10cfu·g-1,VBN值平均为(11.8±1.38)mg·100-1·g-1和(20.1±1.66)mg·100-1·g-1,均无显著差异(P>0.05),表明细菌总数和VBN作为罗非鱼低温贮藏的鲜度指标与感官鲜度评价有较好的一致性。     

广东省罗非鱼主养区无乳链球菌的分离、鉴定与致病性

从广东省5个罗非鱼主养区患暴发性的罗非鱼中分离到15株菌,挑选其中的5株(不同地域、不同组织分离的菌株)进行人工感染试验,表现出自然发病的症状,确定此5株分离菌为导致罗非鱼暴发病的主要病原。通过形态学观察和生理生化实验,并结合16SrRNA基因序列分析,5株分离菌株均为无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)。5株分离菌在形态学和生理生化实验结果上保持一致,16SrRNA基因序列同源性达98.6%～99.8%,但在致病性和对药物的敏感性上却呈现一定的差异。另外10株分离菌株通过生理生化实验鉴定也为无乳链球菌。研究表明,广东省罗非鱼流行性暴发病的病原菌主要为无乳链球菌。     

Variation in metabolic enzymatic activity in white muscle and liver of blue tilapia,Oreochromis aureus,in response to long-term thermal acclimatization

The effects of rearing temperature on white muscle and hepatic phosphofructokinase(PFK),pyruvate kinase(PK),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) were examined in fingerlings of blue tilapia,O reochromis aureus. The experiment was conducted for 14 weeks at temperatures of 18,22,26,30,and 34°C. The activity of the glycolytic enzymes PFK,PK,and LDH in white muscle increased significantly with increase in water temperature. A reverse trend was observed for these enzymes in the liver,except for LDH,which behaved in the same manner as in white muscle. Cytosolic AST and ALT activity increased in both white muscle and liver in response to warm thermal acclimatization,while a reduction in mitochondrial AST and ALT activity was noticed at high temperatures in comparison with those at a lower temperature.     

On the diet of Nile tilapia in two eutrophic tropical lakes containing toxin producing cyanobacteria

Due to the production of toxins, cyanobacteria may adversely affect economically important fish such as Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in tropical lakes. We studied the diet composition and factors affecting the diet of Nile tilapia in two tropical lakes where cyanotoxins were present. Particle-bound microcystins were present in all analysed water samples, ranging in concentration from 0.00012 to 1.11 and from 0.006 to 0.254 μg L⁻¹ in Murchison Bay in Lake Victoria and Lake Mburo, respectively. Detritus and phytoplankton were the main dietary components of the Nile tilapia, with phytoplankton contributing to over 30% by volume of stomach contents. The cyanobacteria Microcystis spp., which are also the most likely source of microcystins in the lakes, accounted for more than 80% of ingested phytoplankton. Microcystis spp. were also the most abundant cyanobacteria in both lakes (>60%). We found no significant relationship between the contribution of phytoplankton in Nile tilapia diet and the concentration of microcystins in the water but we found a close association between water transparency and the contribution of insects to Nile tilapia diets in Murchison Bay. Our results further show that none of the other measured environmental variables was a good predictor of diet items in Nile tilapia. Adult Nile tilapia in our study lakes, rely heavily on filter feeding, particularly under conditions of low water transparency, trapping detritus and phytoplankton cells especially colonies. They can ingest more mobile prey like insects and insect larvae when the water transparency and visibility increases.     

壳寡糖对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫及血液学指标的影响

用添加质量分数0.00(对照组)、0.10%、0.30%、0.50%和0.70%壳寡糖的饲料饲喂初始体重(3.81±0.23)g的吉富罗非鱼幼鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)10周,研究不同浓度壳寡糖的添加对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的生长、非特异性免疫功能以及血脂指标的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,在4个不同浓度添加组中,添加质量分数0.50%壳寡糖能显著提高幼鱼的增重率(P<0.05)、特定生长率(P<0.05),并降低饲料系数(P<0.05);添加质量分数0.3%和0.5%壳寡糖能显著提高幼鱼抗嗜水气单胞菌感染的能力(P<0.01);添加质量分数0.10%、0.30%、0.50%壳寡糖能显著提高幼鱼血清中碱性磷酸酶活性(P<0.05)。同时,各浓度的壳寡糖均能明显提高幼鱼血清中溶菌酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性以及抗嗜水气单胞菌感染的能力(P<0.05),并降低幼鱼血清中总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平(P<0.05)。在本实验条件下,添加壳寡糖可提高吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用率、非特异性免疫功能和调节血脂水平,添加量以质量分数0.30%~0.50%为宜。     

海水养殖罗非鱼补偿生长的生物能量学机制

1998年4月28日—6月24日和5月20日—7月14日分别在汕头大学南澳海洋生物实验站研究了杂交罗非鱼停喂(简称绝食)或限量投喂(简称限食)后的补偿生长，探讨了杂交罗非鱼补偿生长的生物能量学机制。结果表明，海水养殖杂交罗非鱼在饱食状态下的能量收支为100C=32.8G+50.8R+15.3F+1.1U。在恢复生长期间，对照鱼的食物能和代谢能高于绝食鱼或限食鱼，但其单位体重的食物能、代谢能、生长能、粪能和排泄能均明显低于补偿生长的绝食鱼或限食鱼，绝食或限食后海水养殖杂交罗非鱼的能量收支模式未发生明显变化。     

食微囊藻干粉鱼类对水环境的影响及氮素迁移转化规律

利用稳定同位素示踪技术研究鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)摄食微囊藻(Microcystis)干粉后排泄氮在水中的迁移转化规律,同时对营养盐浓度、浮游生物群落结构等进行测定.营养盐数据分析结果显示:罗非鱼组水体营养盐浓度后期急剧升高,而鲢鱼组营养盐浓度变化较小,后期部分浓度低于对照组.营养盐浓度变化主要是鱼类排泄和牧食等活动综合作用的结果.鲢鱼组、罗非鱼组悬浮颗粒物浓度、叶绿素a浓度和细胞密度总体高于对照组,罗非鱼组悬浮颗粒物浓度、叶绿素a浓度和细胞密度中期显著高于鲢鱼组和对照组.浮游生物统计数据显示,鲢鱼组、罗非鱼组藻类总生物量显著增加,各自最大总生物量分别为对照组的4.5、7.4倍,且主要贡献藻类为蓝藻和绿藻.浮游动物密度随鱼类滤食显著降低,罗非鱼组浮游动物密度末期趋近零.同位素分析结果显示,15N稳定同位素在鲢、罗非鱼中的迁移转化过程稍有差异,各物质δ15N比值第1 d均显著高于对照组,δ15N(NH+4)、δ15N(浮游藻类)和δ15N(浮游动物)达到最大值,但鲢鱼组和罗非鱼组δ15N(沉积腐质)和δ15N(螺)值分别于第5 d和10 d达到最大.另外,鲢鱼、罗非鱼对微囊藻干粉吸收效率差别较大,鱼背部肌肉最大δ15N值分别为36.22‰、151.53‰,总体相差4.2倍.通过同位素示踪技术,得出干粉微囊藻经鱼摄食后,排泄物氮直接参与水体营养盐循环,为藻类增殖做出直接贡献的结论.     

海水池塘混合施肥养殖台湾红罗非鱼的鱼产力和负荷力

于１９９５年７—９月,在烟台市黄海水产集团公司第二养虾场,采用围隔实验法研究了海水池塘混合施肥养殖台湾红罗非鱼的鱼产力、负荷力和最适放养量。实验中每个围隔面积为 ５ｍ×５ｍ,各设 １台 ９０Ｗ的搅水机（４ ８００ｒ／ ｈ）。每日施肥基准为：鸡粪干物质, ２５ｋｇ／ｈａ：氮肥, Ｎ０．１５× １０－６;磷肥,Ｐ０．０１５× １０－６。结果表明,静水海水池塘混合施肥的鱼产力为０．７９ｇ／（ｍ２·ｄ）,池塘对台湾红罗非鱼的负荷力为１７９６．０ｋｇ／ｈａ,鱼（体重７０ｇ／ｉｎｄ）的最适放养量约为８０００ｉｎｄ／ｈａ。