海水养残罗非鱼补偿生长的生物能量机制

1998年4月28日－6月24日和5月20日－7月14日分别在汕头大学南澳海洋生物实验站研究了杂交罗非鱼停喂（简称绝食）或限量投喂（简称限食）后的初偿生长，探讨了杂交罗非鱼补偿生长的生物能量学机制，结果表明，海水养殖杂交罗非鱼在饱食状态下的能量收支为100C＝32.8G 50.8R 15.3F 1.4U，在液复生长期间，对照鱼的食物能和代谢能高于绝食鱼或限食鱼，但其单位体重的食物能，代谢能，生长能，粪能和排泄能均明显低于补偿生长的绝食鱼或限食鱼，绝食或限食后海水养殖杂交罗非鱼的能量收支模式示发生明显变化。     

镉质量浓度和鱼尺寸对罗非鱼积累和转移镉的影响

为研究尺寸和镉(Cd²⁺)质量浓度对罗非鱼积累和转移水环境中Cd²⁺的影响,用室内培养的方法,选取4种尺寸的罗非鱼,设置不同质量浓度Cd²⁺的暴露试验,分别测定其半致死率、Cd²⁺积累量和对Cd²⁺的转移系数以及罗非鱼的相对增长率.结果表明:不同尺寸的罗非鱼对Cd²⁺的响应不同,其中,幼龄鱼的LC₅₀浓度最低,体长为31.5±3.4 cm的罗非鱼LC₅₀最高;低质量浓度Cd²⁺(0.5 mg/kg)处理下,罗非鱼尺寸不同,相同鱼组织对Cd²⁺的吸收积累量差异显著(P< 0.05),而高质量浓度Cd²⁺处理时,不同尺寸罗非鱼的同一组织对Cd²⁺的积累量无显著性差异;除体长27.4±2.9 cm罗非鱼外,相同尺寸的罗非鱼Cd²⁺转移系数都是低质量浓度显著大于高质量浓度(P< 0.05);高质量浓度Cd²⁺处理对各种尺寸罗非鱼质量增加的抑制率显著高于低质量浓度Cd²⁺处理的抑制率.此外,不同Cd²⁺质量浓度对相同尺寸的罗非鱼也产生不同的影响.因此,罗非鱼的尺寸和Cd²⁺质量浓度都对罗非鱼积累和转移Cd²⁺产生影响.     

温度对奥尼罗非鱼仔稚鱼生长、饲料利用和消化酶活力的影响

研究了温度22、25、28、31和34℃下奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)仔稚鱼生长、饲料利用和消化酶活力。结果表明:1)不同温度对奥尼罗非鱼仔稚鱼生长有显著影响(P<0.05),温度为31℃时,仔稚鱼生长速度和绝对增重率最高,分别为0.08cm/d和0.035g/d;温度为22℃时最低,仅0.06cm/d和0.020g/d。2)饲料系数在28℃时最低,仅1.90;22和34℃时较高,达2.14和2.17,各组差异显著(P<0.05)。3)在仔稚鱼发育和存活率上,当温度在22～34℃时,温度越高,仔稚鱼发育越好;各组仔稚鱼的存活率介于93.7%～94.7%,差异不显著(P>0.05)。4)在消化酶活力上,胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力随温度升高而升高,均在34℃时活力最高;脂肪酶活力在31℃时达到最高,22℃时活力最低。     

Floc meal as potential substitute for soybean meal in tilapia diets under biofloc system conditions

This study was conducted to evaluate the ef fect of replacing soybean meal(SBM) by low protein ?oc meal(LPFM; 24% CP) in tilapia diets on growth performance, feed utilization and ?sh chemical composition. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated; control diet(C; without LPFM),FM 25(25% of SBM protein was substituted by LPFM) and FM 50(50% of SBM protein was substituted by LPFM). Nine 55 l circular plastic tanks were stocked by 12 ?sh to form three experimental groups.No dif ferences in tilapia performance were observed between the control and the FM 25 diet. Chemical composition of ?sh did not dif fer signi?cantly among treatments except for protein and selenium contents where the highest values were recorded in the control treatment. The highest mineral content was recorded in ?oc collected from the control tanks, while calcium content showed its highest value in ?oc collected from FM 50 e ? uent. These data indicate that replacing soybean meal with LPFM up to 25%, had no negative ef fect on growth performance and potentially may improve the system sustainability. Meanwhile, the adverse ef fect of more inclusion of LPFM in tilapia diet may be attributed to the higher content of ash. In other word,minerals seem to cause more energy utilization in ?sh fed ?oc meal since it is needed to maintain osmotic homeostasis.     

萨罗罗非鱼(Sarotherodon melanotheron)与其他5种罗非鱼遗传多样性比较研究

根据已知罗非鱼相关基因序列设计了5对微卫星引物,对萨罗罗非鱼、尼罗罗非鱼、以色列红罗非鱼、台湾红罗非鱼、奥利亚罗非鱼和齐氏罗非鱼6种罗非鱼进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明:(1)6种罗非鱼在5个微卫星座位上共发现22个等位基因和49种基因型,萨罗罗非鱼、台湾红罗非鱼及齐氏罗非鱼的等位基因数和基因型数较少,萨罗罗非鱼特有的等位基因是190和204,特有的基因型为190/190、204/204、270/223和270/243;(2)与另外5种罗非鱼相比,萨罗罗非鱼的有效等位基因数(Ne)、平均杂合度期望值(He)和多态信息含量值(PIC)都较低,分别为1.812、0.331和0.326;(3)6种罗非鱼明显分为2支,萨罗罗非鱼单独为一支,另外5种罗非鱼聚为一支;(4)萨罗罗非鱼保种的主要问题是要特别防止近亲繁殖。     

半胱胺盐酸盐(CSH)对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)生长及生长轴相关基因表达的影响

为了分析半胱胺盐酸盐(CSH)对尼罗罗非鱼生长调节的作用,设计了长期和短期2个实验,采用腹腔注射(剂量100μg/g体重)方法,分析CSH对尼罗罗非鱼绝对生长率、特定生长率、肝体系数和肥满度的影响,并应用荧光实时定量PCR方法检测在注射CSH后不同时段(6h,12h,24h,2周)尼罗罗非鱼垂体GH、肝脏GHR和肝脏IGF-I基因的表达变化。结果表明,CSH组尼罗罗非鱼的绝对生长率、特定生长率、肝体系数、肥满度均显著高于对照组(P0.05);注射CSH后12h、24h垂体GH和肝脏GHRmRNA表达水平均显著升高(P0.05),2周后恢复到对照组水平;注射CSH后6h肝脏IGF-ImRNA表达水平显著升高(P0.05),12h恢复到对照组水平,24h和2周表达水平极显著上升(P0.01)。以上结果提示,CSH可显著上调尼罗罗非鱼生长轴相关基因的表达,从而促进鱼类的生长。     

尼罗系吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼实用日粮中蔗糖糖蜜的养殖效果与血糖代谢变化

采用6种等蛋白质(34.4%)、等能量(16.10MJ/kg)试验日粮,研究了尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼实用日粮中蔗糖糖蜜替代小麦次粉的养殖效果与血糖代谢变化。结果表明,56d试验期间各试验组鱼均无死亡;蔗糖糖蜜替代小麦次粉40%—100%日粮组鱼的摄食量、特定生长率、饲料效益和蛋白效益均高于小麦次粉组鱼,当蔗糖糖蜜100%替代小麦次粉时,其摄食量、特定生长率和饲料效益蛋白效益比均显著性上升(P<0.05)。各试验组鱼鱼体营养成分(蛋白质、脂肪、灰分和水分)和肝体指数无显著性差异(P>0.05),肝脏结构正常。蔗糖糖蜜组鱼血浆中血糖、总蛋白、胆固醇、甘油三酯含量明显高于小麦次粉组鱼(P<0.05)。本试验结果认为,蔗糖糖蜜在尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼实用日粮中可以完全替代小麦次粉,蔗糖糖蜜对尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼具有较好的生长效益、节约日粮蛋白质效益和适口性,其主要原因与摄食蔗糖糖蜜后尼罗系罗非鱼幼鱼产生的较长时间高血糖现象有关。     

Summary of studies on closed-polyculture of penaeid shrimp with fishes and moluscans

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Effects of the environment on fish juvenile growth in West African stressful estuaries

The knowledge of juvenile fish growth in extreme environmental conditions is a key to the understanding of adaptive responses and to the relevant management of natural populations. The juvenile growth of an extreme euryhaline tilapia species, Sarotherodon melanotheron (Cichlidae), was examined across a salinity gradient (20–118) in several West African estuarine ecosystems. Juveniles were collected during the reproduction period of two consecutive years (2003 and 2004) in six locations in the Saloum (Senegal) and Gambia estuaries. Age and growth were estimated using daily otolith microincrements. For each individual, otolith growth rates showed three different stages (slow, fast, decreasing): around 4 ± 0.5 μm d⁻¹ during the first five days, 9 ± 0.5 μm d⁻¹ during the next 15 days and 4 ± 0.50 μm d⁻¹ at 60 days. Growth modelling and model comparisons were objectively made within an information theory framework using the multi-model inference from five growth models (linear, power, Gompertz, von Bertalanffy, and logistic). The combination of both the model adjustment inspection and the information theory model selection procedure allowed identification of the final set of models, including the less parameterised ones. The estimated growth rates were variable across spatial scales but not across temporal scales (except for one location), following exactly the salinity gradient with growth decrease towards the hypersaline conditions. The salinity gradient was closely related to all measured variables (condition factor, mean age, multi-model absolute growth rate) demonstrating the strong effect of hypersaline environmental conditions—induced by climate changes—on fish populations at an early stage.     

饲喂频率对奥尼罗非鱼仔稚鱼生长、体成分和消化酶活力的影响

研究在(28.0±1)℃条件下,5种不同饲喂频率对奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)仔稚鱼的生长、体成分及几种消化酶活力的影响。结果显示:随着饲喂频率的增加,奥尼罗非鱼仔稚鱼的摄食率和特定生长率逐步提高,1次/d组的摄食率和特定生长率显著低于其他组(P<0.05);2、3、4、5次/d组的相对增重率之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于1次/d组;各组的饲料转化率随饲喂频率的增加而降低;胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活力随饲喂频率的增加而显著降低(P<0.05);各组胰蛋白酶变化差异不明显(P>0.05);随饲喂频率的增加,奥尼罗非鱼仔稚鱼的灰分和蛋白质含量无显著变化(P>0.05);脂肪含量显著上升,水分含量则明显下降(P<0.05)。分析表明,奥尼罗非鱼仔稚鱼最适饲喂频率为3次/d。