关于汶川地震发震机制

2008年5月12日汶川8级地震的发震断层是四川龙门山逆冲带的前锋灌县—安县断层,或此断层附近新产生相同产状的断层。发震断层走向NE倾向NW,逆冲兼右行平移。汶川地震的发震机制是印藏陆-陆碰撞后,印度次大陆活塞状嵌入欧亚板块造成青藏高原东部向SEE方向近水平挤压,在龙门山冲断带前锋向东南逆冲到四川盆地,构造应力积累和释放的结果。汶川地震演示了一个青藏高原东缘龙门山隆起的构造模型,即其经由龙门山冲断带的地壳冲断作用和缩短作用而隆升。这与Burchfiel的模型不同,该模型认为龙门山上升是由于韧性下地壳流受到四川盆地高强度地壳阻挡而上涌所致。这两种模型可能各有其适用时间阶段,然而本文的模型是不可或缺的,因汶川地震已显示了它的真实性。     

Debris entrainment by basal freeze‐on and thrusting during the 1995–1998 surge of Kuannersuit Glacier on Disko Island,west Greenland

Kuannersuit Glacier, a valley glacier on Disko Island in west Greenland, experienced a major surge from 1995 to 1998 where the glacier advanced 10·5 km and produced a ～65 m thick stacked sequence of debris‐rich basal ice and meteoric glacier ice. The aim of this study is to describe the tectonic evolution of large englacial thrusts and the processes of basal ice formation using a multiproxy approach including structural glaciology, stable isotope composition (δ¹⁸O and δD), sedimentology and ground‐penetrating radar. We argue that the major debris layers that can be traced in the terminal zone represent englacial thrusts that were formed early during the surge. Thrust overthrow was at least 200–300 m and this lead to a 30 m thick repetition of basal ice at the ice margin. It is assumed that the englacial thrusting was initiated at the transition between warm ice from the interior and the cold snout. The basal debris‐rich ice was mainly formed after the thrusting phase. Two sub‐facies of stratified basal ice have been identified; a lower massive ice facies (S_M) composed of frozen diamict enriched with heavy stable isotopes overlain by laminated ice facies (S_L) consisting of millimetre thick lamina of alternating debris‐poor and debris‐rich ice. We interpret the stratified basal ice as a continuum formed mainly by freeze‐on processes and localized regelation. First laminated basal ice is formed and as meltwater is depleted more sediment is entrained and finally the glacier freezes to the base and massive diamict is frozen‐on. The increased ability to entrain sediments may partly be associated with higher basal freezing rates enhanced by loss of frictional heat from cessation of fast flow and conductive cooling through a thin heavily crevassed ice during the final phase of the glacier surge. The dispersed basal ice facies (D) was mainly formed by secondary processes where fine‐grained sediment is mobilized in the vein system of ice. Our results have important implications for understanding the significance of basal ice formation and englacial thrusting beneath fast‐flowing glaciers and it provides new information about the development of landforms during a glacier surge. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

帕米尔地区现今大陆深俯冲——地震构造和动力学解释

在 NEIC(UsGS)1975～1999年地震记录的基础上,补充中国新疆地震台网1975年以来的16,339个部分重新定位的有效地震记录,根据该地区地震活动时空分布规律、地壳速度结构和地表变形构造等最新研究成果,对兴都库什-帕米尔-中国西部地震活动的三维几何学及其构造联系作出了新的解释,强调沿恰曼断层的左行走滑作用对帕米尔和兴都库什地震带的制约。沿帕米尔地震带正在发生大陆深俯冲作用,是恰曼断层左行牵引的结果,深俯冲岩板为上宽下窄向恰曼断层收敛的楔形体,俯冲角度上缓(20～30°)下陡(60～70°),转变深度在80～120公里,部分下地壳物质被深俯冲作用带到200公里以下的深度。帕米尔深俯冲带上盘岩石中的多期反冲构造组合和后退俯冲作用历史,解释了该地区地壳缩短加厚和深部岩石折返的机制。与深俯冲作用相关的双地震剪切带和3个地震群的构造联系,提供了大陆深俯冲作用的动力学信息。     

Kinematics of the Inntal shear zone–sub-Tauern ramp fault system and the interpretation of the TRANSALP seismic section, Eastern Alps, Austria

A new interpretation of the Inntal–Tauern sector of the TRANSALP seismic section is presented. One of the most prominent contrasts in reflectivity in the TRANSALP seismic section is the contact between the Bajuvaric unit in the footwall and the overlying Tirolic unit and its basement across a moderately south-dipping interface. We trace this contact from the surface at the southern margin of the Inn valley to a depth of 5 km. There, the contact is deformed or cut by the Tauern Window northern margin. We define the contact between Bajuvaric and Tirolic units as Brixlegg thrust, which is older than Miocene Tauern window exhumation and has a Paleogene age. The sub-Tauern ramp connects with the Inntal fault system at the surface and roots below the Tauern window. Oblique thrust movements across this fault system in the Miocene caused exhumation of the hanging wall, where the fault has a ramp geometry, which is in the area of the TRANSALP cross section and west of it. East of the TRANSALP cross section, the fault system merges with Alpine basal thrust, which is a flat. No Miocene exhumation occurred above the flat.     

盘南刘家田井田逆冲推覆构造特征

刘家田井田总体构造特征为逆冲推覆构造,主要分为F2断层下盘基底构造单元和上盘推覆体构造单元。推覆体构造单元断层主要发育在推覆体前缘和西部软弱岩组一带,并伴有褶皱现象。基底单元东部断层较发育,构造相对简单;西部由于受推覆构造运动的影响,断层较发育,与F4断层呈"y"形组合特征,破坏了煤层的连续性,对煤层赋存产生较大影响。加强刘家田井田构造特征及控煤作用分析,对该井田深部及盘县逆冲断裂带附近找煤具有重要意义。     

东南亚北加里曼丹新生代碰撞造山带演化与成矿

在确定出北加里曼丹大地构造单元的基础上,结合分析其内新生代岩浆岩性质及其大地构造环境,认为新生代北加里曼丹是卢卡尼亚(Luconia)陆块和巽他陆块碰撞的造山带,并提出"北加里曼丹新生代碰撞造山带"的概念.该造山带经历了边缘造山带-内部造山带-边缘造山带相继转化的过程,它控制了加里曼丹的区域成矿作用,特别是晚渐新世-中中新世北加里曼丹内部造山带的逆冲叠瓦阶段是加里曼丹区域成矿的最重要时期.     

新民堡断裂新构造活动特征

新民堡断裂属于河西走廊西段酒西盆地内断裂系的组成部分,位于嘉峪关以西40km的新民堡一带。新民堡断裂呈北西西向延伸,长8.0km,走向299°,倾向南西,倾角20°～35°。断裂下部主要发育在新近系红色泥岩中,地表穿切上更新统和全新统,变形性质以蠕滑变形为主,活动方式属于逆冲推覆;新民堡断裂在距今69.3ka与35.4ka之间、距今28.3ka左右,距今4.4ka左右发生过新构造活动。断裂位移速率为0.54～0.90mm/a,其中垂直位移速率为0.26～0.50mm/a。同时,以新民堡断裂为代表的低角度逆冲推覆断裂是造成酒西盆地及河西走廊横向压缩的重要因素和表现形式之一。     

鄂尔多斯西缘羊虎沟组页岩气聚集地质条件分析

为了研究鄂尔多斯盆地西缘羊虎沟组页岩气成藏潜力,根据泥页岩厚度、有机质类型、有机质丰度与成熟度等因素,从暗色泥页岩地层空间展布特征、构造特征与热事件、生烃能力等方面分析页岩气聚集的地质条件。研究表明,羊虎沟组暗色泥页岩单层最大厚度约30m,区内发育的逆冲推覆构造使地层叠置形成厚的泥页岩层段,泥页岩干酪根以III型为主,II—I型也有发育,TOC平均值为3.25%,R0为1%~4%,这些条件均有利于页岩气聚集成藏。综合分析认为呼鲁斯太南部、乌达及石炭井地区为页岩气聚集最有利的区域。     

The Defluidization of the Rocks and Genesis of Gold Deposits During Deformation and Metamorphism: an Example From the Jinping Mountain

THE DEFLUIDIZATION OF THE ROCKS AND GENESIS OF GOLD DEPOSITS DURING DEFORMATION AND METAMORPHISM: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE JINPING MOUNTAIN     

武当山地区晚震旦世至早古生代古地理轮廓分析与推覆作用

本文在综合前人地质成果的基础上,对该区晚震旦世—早古生代的古地理特征重新进行了分析与探讨。认为武当山地区在震旦纪至古生代是沉积区而非古陆区,印支运动以来的推覆作用塑造了该区现今的“古隆起”构造格局