National indicators for observing ecosystem service change

Earth’s life-support systems are in rapid decline, yet we have few metrics or indicators with which to track these changes. The world’s governments are calling for biodiversity and ecosystem-service monitoring to guide and evaluate international conservation policy as well as to incorporate natural capital into their national accounts. The Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON) has been tasked with setting up this monitoring system. Here we explore the immediate feasibility of creating a global ecosystem-service monitoring platform under the GEO BON framework through combining data from national statistics, global vegetation models, and production function models. We found that nine ecosystem services could be annually reported at a national scale in the short term: carbon sequestration, water supply for hydropower, and non-fisheries marine products, crop, livestock, game meat, fisheries, mariculture, and timber production. Reported changes in service delivery over time reflected ecological shocks (e.g., droughts and disease outbreaks), highlighting the immediate utility of this monitoring system. Our work also identified three opportunities for creating a more comprehensive monitoring system. First, investing in input data for ecological process models (e.g., global land-use maps) would allow many more regulating services to be monitored. Currently, only 1 of 9 services that can be reported is a regulating service. Second, household surveys and censuses could help evaluate how nature affects people and provides non-monetary benefits. Finally, to forecast the sustainability of service delivery, research efforts could focus on calculating the total remaining biophysical stocks of provisioning services. Regardless, we demonstrated that a preliminary ecosystem-service monitoring platform is immediately feasible. With sufficient international investment, the platform could evolve further into a much-needed system to track changes in our planet's life-support systems.     

格尔木－额济纳旗地学断面岩石图结构的磁场分析

在格尔木－额济纳旗地学断面的综合研究中，处理和解释了沿断面实测的高精度磁测剖面和大范围的航磁资料．所采用的处理方法有视磁化率填图、长波磁异常提取、方向滤波和航磁数字图像处理，并反演了地壳磁层的上、下界面深度．依据资料处理结果，对研究区内构造断裂的分布、不同地体和构造单元的划分与边界位置及岩浆活动性等都提出了新的认识．利用位场模拟方法，得出了代表格尔木－额济纳旗地学断面内地壳结构的磁模型．     

‘Unionising’ the new spaces of the new economy? Alternative labour organising in India’s IT Enabled Services-Business Process Outsourcing industry

This paper explores the lived experiences and aspirational social constructions of call centre work and employment in India’s high profile IT Enabled Services-Business Process Outsourcing (ITES-BPO) industry; the ways in which they differ from those previously documented amongst call centre workers in the Global North (specifically the UK); and the consequences of that geographical reconfiguration of offshored call centre work for the replicability in India of workplace collective bargaining strategies successfully developed in some UK call centres. These issues are analysed using new empirical evidence from a regional survey of 511 non-unionised ITES-BPO workers and 42 in-depth interviews in India’s National Capital Region. Based on this analysis, the paper then discusses the operation, outcomes and ongoing challenges faced by the newly formed ‘Union for ITES Professionals’ (UNITES Pro) in developing an alternative occupational organising model better suited to the particular needs, motivations and preferences of India’s young, mobile, call centre workers. The empirical analysis presented in the paper is located, therefore, within wider debates on the role of geographical context in shaping possibilities for organising white-collar service workers at different ends of global service chains in the new economy.     

含油气球冠模型三维重力归一化总梯度场特征

重力归一化总梯度的三维计算中,将圆滑滤波因子分别引入向下延拓和导数换算响应因子中,推导了其计算公式及数值实现过程,同时给出了具体的计算步骤;对含油气球冠模型的三维归一化总梯度场特征进行了分析与研究。研究结果表明,对于含油气球冠模型来说,不同于均匀球冠模型在各个深度的切平面等值线图中表现出单峰异常的特征,其三维归一化总梯度场的特征表现为:无论在过中心剖面的等值线图还是在某个深度的切片图中,只有当截止频率取值适当时才可以表现出"两高夹一低"的典型储油气藏标志特征,若取值不当,其表现出来的特征与均匀球冠模型相似。此外,归一化总梯度场等值线图中出现"两高夹一低"的位置,往往是含油气球冠所在位置和深度。     

非开挖管道翻衬修复技术用树脂的研究

本课题针对非开挖管道翻衬修复技术用树脂进行了设计,根据管状织物织造工艺、翻衬修复管道工艺对树脂的要求,及DSC扫描结果、等温和动态黏度变化试验的实验结果进行分析,选择合理树脂的配方;通过手糊方法使得涂层织物与树脂体系进行复合,对聚氨酯树脂与织物和金属粘结机理进行分析。并对树脂体系与金属粘结强度进行测试,确定聚氨酯树脂与金属管壁粘结性能,为今后将非开挖管道翻衬修复技术应用到具体施工时,选择合适的树脂提供理论依据和操作方案。     

空三加密在数字摄影测量中的精度分析

该文结合章丘市1∶2000地形图绘制项目的具体实践,认为航空摄影测量产品误差来源主要为空三加密这一重要工序,影响空三加密精度的因素主要为：影像质量（分辨率、清晰度、重叠度）、像控点选取及精度、加密点的选取及加密解算方法、加密人员的经验等。找出影响空三加密精度的主要因素及解决办法,结合生产实践解决了1∶2000地形图绘制空三加密精度问题。     

危机矿山深部、边部隐伏矿体的三维可视化预测——以安徽铜陵凤凰山矿田为例

以安徽铜陵凤凰山矿田为例,通过综合地质研究,构建了矿体定位预测概念模型。在地质勘探数据和物化探数据集成的基础上,采用三维地质建模技术,对地层、构造、岩浆岩、矿体等地质体进行了推断和圈定,构建了地质体的线框模型与块体模型。基于定位预测概念模型和地质体三维块体模型,通过地质空间定义和立体单元划分,建立了岩体及其表面形态起伏、接触带、地层、褶皱、断层等控矿地质因素的三维栅格场模型。在定量分析控矿地质因素与矿化分布的关系的基础上,建立了反应这种关联关系的矿体立体定量预测模型。预测模型提供矿田深部(-1000m标高以上)所有50m×50m×50m立体单元的铜品位、铜金属量和含矿概率的预测结果。基于预测结果圈定了4个深部找矿立体靶区,为深部找矿工程的设计、布置提供尚未发现的隐伏矿体的位置、品位、金属量等信息的指导。     

Geospatial spreadsheets with microscale air quality visualization and synchronization for supporting multiple-scenario visual collaboration

A major obstacle of the interdisciplinary communications for decision-making is that each participant prefers the solution from their own area because current collaboration systems cannot effectively mediate among many alternatives. If a visual collaboration system could display multiple alternatives in a single visual presentation, users would be able to compare alternatives with only a few variables, where all other parameters are fixed, at least from a visual perspective. In this study, we developed a visualization tool to support a microscale air quality (MSAQ) management group, the members of which often need to compare the effects of many alternative control methods. The main achievements of this study are: (1) three-dimensional (3D) visualization of the MSAQ using a 3D city model and (2) development of a geospatial spreadsheet (GS) to facilitate visual comparisons, thereby improving decision-making by making it easy to compare differences based on realistic visual display items. A questionnaire-based survey showed that use of the GS could generate a shared perspective and provide a spatiotemporal context for the participants, thereby making it easy to compare, mediate and reach decisions when confronted with many alternatives.     

环抱式防波堤口门航道横流三维特性研究

环抱式防波堤口门易出现较大横流,且三维特性明显。针对连云港主港区深水航道,建立三维潮流数学模型,并用现场航槽实测资料进行验证,在此基础上计算分析了不同潮差条件下口门段进港航道横流的三维特性。研究结果表明:最大横流约出现在高潮位前1.5 h,自表层至底层相继出现,且表、底层出现时刻仅相差0.5 h;因航道边坡较小,最大横流时未见水流分离现象,航槽底部没有反向流;各层最大横流值均与涨潮潮差有关,且相关程度高;航道内最大横流垂向分布梯度随潮差增加略有增大。     

基于OSM Buildings生成WebGIS三维建筑日照阴影模型

随着WebGIS和图形学技术的发展,三维GIS已经成为GIS领域的主流,但现阶段发展三维GIS受成本和网速等影响,限制了三维GIS广泛运用。本文供述在ArcGIS Server平台下以HTML5为技术,运用OSM Buildings插件在Canvas渲染出建筑物三维日照阴影模型,简化WebGIS三维可视化的难度。