Francisco José de Caldas's Unaccomplished Life-Project – His Map Provincias Unidas de la Nueva Granada, 1811/ 1815

The first attempted republican map of present-day Colombia remained unachieved. Francisco José de Caldas worked on it since 1797 and, come the revolution and Nueva Granada's republican inception, he prepared two successive cartouches to introduce it: the first one in 1811, the latter in 1815. Finally entitled Provincias de la Nueva Granada, Caldas's map remains understudied. In this article, I establish its basic cartographic parameters, discuss the political context of its unfinished making and link it to its pertinent cartographic precedents.     

基于热红外遥感技术的腾冲地区地热异常区温度反演研究

我国云南腾冲地区地热资源丰富,对地热资源进行定量的预测评价势在必行。而以遥感为手段进行地表温度的反演是地热研究的重要方法。本文利用ETM数据的Band6热红外通道,对工作区进行温度反演并通过消除阴影影响对反演温度进行修正使得温度差异较大的情况得到改善,减少了太阳照射造成的温差影响。结果表明,研究区地表温度分布主要有3个区域;通过温度反演结果与已知地热点叠加分析,选取14~21℃为进行地热预测评价的有利区间。     

《坤輿万国全图》与《利玛窦中国札记》中外译本考疑

金尼阁编译的《利玛窦中国札记》多种欧洲文字版本之间存在翻译差异,而300年后出版的英译本和中译本与原文存在严重错漏。600页的札记,利玛窦只用不到两页的篇幅叙述测绘《坤輿万国全图》一事,连实际比例尺的描述也不清楚。利玛窦承认没有见过其他的版本,"六幅版"地图出现在南京或北京,个别欧洲文字翻译版本不一,《坤輿万国全图》究竟是在南京还是北京完成的也有疑问。《利玛窦中国札记》用的是中国传统的测绘术语,指出地图的错误是针对西方地图而不是中国地图。《坤輿万国全图》中一半的中文地名,当时欧洲地图没有对应。1593年,利玛窦尚未制作《坤輿万国全图》,"六幅版"中文世界地图已出现在南京。因此,《坤輿万国全图》原本早已存在,《坤輿万国全图》应是郑和时代(1405—1433)大航海的成果,中国的地图学,不是西学东渐,甚至有可能是中国的世界地理与地图学流传到西方。世界地图史应该还原中国对地理大发现与地图学的贡献。     

福州市热岛效应动态分析研究

应用 1988年和 1992年福州市卫星图像 ,对福州市热岛效应进行动态研究 ,结果表明 :随着城市建设的发展 ,原热岛范围内高温区增加 ,热岛范围明显扩大 ,尤其是市区东部施展最快 ,在 1988～ 1992这 4年中福州的热岛范围向东扩展了约 15km2 ,同时热岛外围小热岛也不断涌现。在这些动态变化特征的基础上 ,本文分析了福州市热岛效应动态变化的原因以及减轻热岛效应影响的具体措施。     

根据地球热历史研究得到的地幔温度模型(英文)

通过求解全球能量平衡方程 ,得到地幔温度剖面。中地幔过渡带有一个温度突然增加 ,因此不能根据近地表数据向下做简单的外推。这个问题可以通过研究地球的冷却过程解决。目前地幔底部的温度值是 2 94 0K ,中地幔过渡带温度为 2 0 4 0K ,穿过这个带有一个 310K的突变。上部边界层底部的温度为     

Feedback Mechanisms For The Atmosphere And Ocean Surface

Two kinds of feedback mechanisms in the coupling process between the atmosphere and ocean surface are identified in this paper. One is a negative feedback mechanism, which is effective in the dynamic interaction processes through momentum flux exchange. In this mechanism,the ocean extracts momentum from the atmosphere as a forcing field to generate waves, which decelerates atmospheric motions, lessening the intensity of synoptic systems. The second is a positive feedback mechanism, which is effective in the thermal interaction processes through heat flux exchange. This is a mechanism that is effective in the transport of sensible and latent heat fluxes to the atmosphere from the underlyingocean surface. As a result, the atmosphere obtains energy from the ocean, which intensifies atmospheric motions. For storm conditions typical of North Atlantic mid-latitudes, we consider these thermal and dynamical nteractions, the dominance of one over the other, and related implications for storm intensification.     

明末清初我国测绘科技的人文社会背景分析——传教士与中国测绘科技的发展

通过对我国明末清初测绘科技的回顾 ,分析了明末清初西方传教士来华传教及科技交流对我国测绘科技的影响 ,对当时我国测绘科技发展的人文环境和社会背景做了深入探究 ,例举了清初我国与传教士合作开展全国地图测绘的全过程、取得的成果和使用的方法 ,在此基础上深入分析了这一时期测绘科技的辉煌成就及其因后期的“闭关主义”政策和“天朝中心说”的自大守旧等人文背景和文化传统及科技政策的失误所造成的诸多历史遗憾。     

Late Quaternary Upwelling Intensity and East Asian Monsoon Forcing in the South China Sea

Foraminifera from two cores off eastern Vietnam and the northwestern Philippines, where modern summer and winter monsoon-driven upwelling occurs in the South China Sea, respectively, were analyzed to evaluate the changes in paleoproductivity and upper water structure over the last 220,000 yr. We observed enhanced organic carbon flux and a shoaled thermocline when upwelling intensified off eastern Vietnam during interglacial ages and off the northwestern Philippines during glacial ages. This indicates that the East Asian summer monsoon increased while the winter monsoon decreased during interglacial ages. Particularly, the upwelling reached a maximum off eastern Vietnam during late marine isotopic stage (MIS) 5 and off the northwestern Philippines during MIS 2, implying that the summer monsoon decreased gradually since MIS 5 while the winter monsoon displayed an opposite trend. The variations in upwelling proxies exhibit a distinct cyclicity with frequencies near 41,000 yr and 23,000 yr off eastern Vietnam, in contrast to a strong frequency peak near 100,000 yr off the northwestern Philippines. We suggest that the East Asian summer monsoon has been forced by changes in solar insolation associated with precession and obliquity, while ice-volume forcing is probably a primary factor in determining the strength and timing of the East Asian winter monsoon but with less important insolation forcing.     

辽河盆地桃园-荣兴屯地区煤和炭质泥岩成烃模拟

在考虑剥蚀作用与火成岩影响的基础上分别进行了地史和成熟史恢复，根据工区热模拟资料建立了炭质泥岩成烃模式，在分析国内有关煤成烃热模拟实验资料的基础上，建立了工区下第三系煤成烃模式，进而对目的层进行了生烃史模拟。结果表明，这种方法是准确而可靠的。     

Geographers in the U.S. Government in Washington,DC, during World War II

Geographers in Washington, DC, during World War II and the agencies in which they worked are recalled through the naming of geographers engaged in wartime work during this seminal period in the development of the geography profession in the United States. The five agencies then employing the largest number of geographers were the Research and Analysis Branch of the Office of Strategic Services, the Topographic Branch of the Military Intelligence Division of the War Department, the Board of Economic Warfare (later the Foreign Economic Administration), the Board on Geographic Names, and the Office of the Geographer, Department of State. The impacts of this period on individual geographers, the professional organization of geographers, cartography, higher education, and the government are suggested.