基于地面LIDAR玉树地震地表破裂的三维建模分析

2010年4月14日的玉树MS7.1地震造成沿甘孜-玉树断裂的一系列NW向地表破裂.利用Trimble GX 3D地面激光三维扫描仪获取了玉树地震断裂SE段禅古寺附近的典型地震地表破裂的精细点云数据.在对点云数据进行校正、分割、滤波等预处理基础上,分析了地震地表破裂不同表面建模方式的原理和方法,选取了无投影的不规则三角网建模方式对该处地表破裂进行三维建模实验,结合精配准高清晰现场纹理照片,制作了地震地表破裂的三维图像;并从模型的多个角度选取剖面进行地震地表破裂精细三维量测分析,得到该处地表破裂的平均垂直位移为74cm,水平位移为10cm.在此基础上进一步分析了玉树地震断裂的性质及其破裂特点.     

冲击爆炸作用对核电站安全壳毁伤效应研究的进展

核电站破坏后放射性燃料泄露带来的灾难性后果,使得核电站特别是核反应堆成为军事打击和恐怖袭击的重要目标之一。本文分析总结了核反应堆安全壳因弹体和飞机的冲（撞）击爆炸导致受损所涉及的关键科学问题的国内外研究进展,指出核安全壳体防护效能的研究重点主要在于：弹体＂侵彻（贯穿）＋爆炸＂作用对双层钢筋混凝土和内衬钢板复合核安全壳结构的毁伤效应;综合考虑安全壳体结构、混凝土材料模型、飞机质量与刚度分布、撞击速度和位置、加载面积等因素影响的大型商用飞机撞击核安全壳全过程的精细化数值模拟;冲击爆炸与火荷载多灾场耦合作用下钢筋混凝土核安全壳的损伤破坏机理。     

Typology of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Technologies in Latin America

This paper presents an analysis of the wastewater treatment plants in six Latin American and Caribbean countries. Based on a sample of 2734 municipal treatment facilities, the applied processes are classified by sizes (influent flow) and type of technologies. The distribution of the technologies is also presented for each of the six countries. In addition, a representative municipal wastewater characterization, based on influent data from 174 treatment plants, is proposed. Results show that stabilization ponds, activated sludge, and the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors represent 80% of the treatment facilities of the sample, providing treatment to 81% of the total flow considered. Moreover, 67% of the plants in the sample are small (flow <25 L/s) and the very small facilities (influent flow <5 L/s) are extensively applied in the region (34% of the sample), especially in Mexico and Brazil. The use of very small treatment plants may result in low energy efficiency systems and on possible incompliance of the discharge standards. This common practice in several countries in Latin America should be revised in order to improve the environmental performance of such facilities.     

14 种红树植物对动物病原菌的抑菌活性

采用带药培养基涂布法测定了14种红树植物甲醇提取物及从中分离获得的2种纯化合物对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhi)、痢疾志贺氏菌(Shigella dysenteriae)、普通变形杆菌(Proteus vulgaris)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus)、藤黄微球菌(Micrococcus luteus)、溶壁微球菌(Micrococcus lysodeikticus)和蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cer-eus)9种动物病原菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,苦郎树(Clerodendrum inerme)、海漆(Excoecaria agallocha)、白骨壤(Avicennia marina)、苦槛蓝(Myoporum bontioides)、银叶树(Heritiera littoralis)和榄李(Lumnitzeraracemosa)有比较广谱的抗菌活性。苦槛蓝和海漆的抑菌活性较高,最低抑制浓度(Minimum inhibitoryconcentration,MIC)值分别为1～4 g/L和2～6 g/L。从苦郎树中分离获得的纯化合物KLS-46对伤寒沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、溶壁微球菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌的MIC值分别为0.1、0.05、0.1和0.05 g/L,对其余5种病原菌的MIC值均大于0.4 g/L。从病原菌对红树植物的敏感性看,藤黄微球菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌对红树植物比较敏感。     

The evolution of gully headcut morphology: a case study using terrestrial laser scanning and hydrological monitoring

We present observations and analysis of gully headcut erosion, which differ from previous headcut studies in both spatial and temporal detail. Using ten terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) surveys conducted over a period of 3 years, we mapped headcut erosion with centimeter‐scale detail on a sub‐annual basis. Erosional change is observed through point cloud differencing, which expands on previous studies of headcut retreat rate by revealing the evolution of the headcut morphology. Headcut retreat observations are combined with hydrological measurements to explore the controlling factors of erosional retreat. We find that (i) mass failure due to wetting, (ii) saturation weakening of shale bedrock in plunge pools, and (iii) direct wash over the headcut face all appear to contribute to headcut retreat; however, mass failure via wetting appears to be the dominant process. Soil moisture was monitored near the study headcut at 0.4 m depth, and time‐lapse photos show that soil wetting tends to be concentrated along the headcut apex after rainfall and snowmelt runoff events. We find that moisture concentration at the headcut apex leads to more rapid erosion at that location than along the headcut sidewalls, resulting in a semi‐ellipsoidal plan view morphology that is maintained as the headcut migrates up‐valley. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Use of terrestrial photogrammetry based on structure‐from‐motion for mass balance estimation of a small glacier in the Italian alps

Different high‐resolution techniques can be employed to obtain information about the three‐dimensional (3D) surface of glaciers. This is typically carried out using efficient, but also expensive and logistically demanding, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technologies, such as airborne scanners and terrestrial laser scanners. Recent technological improvements in the field of image analysis and computer vision have prompted the development of a low‐cost photogrammetric approach, which is referred to as ‘structure‐from‐motion’ (SfM). Combined with dense image‐matching algorithms, this method has become competitive for the production of high‐quality 3D models. However, several issues typical of this approach should be considered for application in glacial environments. In particular, the surface morphology, the different substrata, the occurrence of sharp contrast from solar shadows and the variable distance from the camera positions can negatively affect the image texture, and reduce the possibility of obtaining a reliable point cloud from the images. The objective of this study is to test the structure‐from‐motion multi view stereo (SfM‐MVS) approach in a small debris‐covered glacier located in the eastern Italian Alps, using a consumer‐grade reflex camera and the computer vision‐based software PhotoScan. The quality of the 3D models produced by the SfM‐MVS process was assessed via the comparison with digital terrain models obtained from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) surveys that were performed at the same epochs. The effect of different terrain gradients and different substrata (debris, snow and firn) was also evaluated in terms of the accuracy of the reconstruction by SfM‐MVS versus TLS. Our results show that the quality of this new photogrammetric approach is similar to the quality of TLS and that point cloud densities are comparable or even higher compared with TLS. However, special care should be taken while planning the SfM survey geometry, to optimize the 3D model quality and spatial coverage. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Higher mode effects in frame pin‐supported wall structure by using a distributed parameter model

Frame pin‐supported wall structure is a kind of rocking structure, which releases constraints at the bottom of the wall. The wall is affiliated to the frame and can rotate around the hinge. Previous studies have investigated seismic performance (such as deformation pattern and plastic hinge distribution) of frame pin‐supported wall structure. Strength demand of this system was investigated through static pushover analysis. However, dynamic characteristics, especially higher mode effects, remain to be quantified. As demonstrated in several researches, higher mode effects have non‐negligible effects on seismic response. For this purpose, a distributed model for analyzing higher mode effects in frame pin‐supported wall structure was proposed, where the pin‐supported wall and the frame were simplified as a bending beam and a shear beam, respectively. The model was solved by differential equations derived from equilibrium and compatibility. Displacement and inner force distribution of frame pin‐supported wall structure in higher modes were quantified according to the model. Influence of critical parameters, such as wall stiffness and structure period, was assessed on higher mode effects. It was demonstrated that response in higher modes cannot be neglected in the design of frame pin‐supported wall structure. Capacity design based on the fundamental mode is not conservative, especially in the wall. Furthermore, pin‐supported walls tend to force the frame to vibrate in the rocking mode and suppress higher mode effects in the frame. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Climate–surface–pore‐water interactions on a salt crusted playa: implications for crust pattern and surface roughness development measured using terrestrial laser scanning

Sodium accumulating playas (also termed sodic or natric playas) are typically covered by polygonal crusts with different pattern characteristics, but little is known about the short‐term (hours) dynamics of these patterns or how pore water may respond to or drive changing salt crust patterning and surface roughness. It is important to understand these interactions because playa‐crust surface pore‐water and roughness both influence wind erosion and dust emission through controlling erodibility and erosivity. Here we present the first high resolution (10^?3 m; hours) co‐located measurements of changing moisture and salt crust topography using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and infra‐red imagery for Sua Pan, Botswana. Maximum nocturnal moisture pattern change was found on the crests of ridged surfaces during periods of low temperature and high relative humidity. These peaks experienced non‐elastic expansion overnight, of up to 30 mm and up to an average of 1.5 mm/night during the 39 day measurement period. Continuous crusts however showed little nocturnal change in moisture or elevation. The dynamic nature of salt crusts and the complex feedback patterns identified emphasize how processes both above and below the surface may govern the response of playa surfaces to microclimate diurnal cycles. © 2015 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.