2000—2013年山东省耕地资源时空格局演变研究

耕地是指种植农作物的土地,是人类赖以生存的基本资源和条件。利用《山东统计年鉴（2001—2015）》数据,运用GIS技术对山东省耕地资源的时空分布格局进行了研究,结果表明：2000—2013年间的耕地面积整体上呈上升趋势,分为衰减和调整两个阶段,2012年以后耕地面积有回落的趋势,值得重视;从耕地资源的阶段特征分布来看,全省耕地资源呈现西多东少的特点,土地垦殖率的增长呈现向东拓展的趋势;从耕地资源的整体特征分布来看,2000—2013年间山东省耕地面积年均增长率1.11%,鲁中南地区年均增长率稍快达1.45%,鲁西北地区土地垦殖率最高为60.03%,耕地面积最广的是潍坊市,土地垦殖率最大的是聊城市,土地垦殖率为67.10%,大约2/3的国土为耕地。     

黄土高原1959-2015年潜在蒸发量的时空变化

蒸发是水文循环的一个重要过程,也是影响区域水资源量的重要因素。通过选取黄土高原50个气象站1959-2015年的逐月气象资料,应用FAO修正的Penman-Monteith模型计算黄土高原潜在蒸发量,采用Mann-Kendall检验与空间插值分析其时空变化特征,探讨各气象要素对潜在蒸发量的影响。结果表明：黄土高原多年平均潜在蒸发量在780~1 470 mm之间,由西北向东南递减。1959-2015年,黄土高原潜在蒸发量变化率为5.64 mm·（10 a）^-1;春季变化率最大,其次为夏季和秋季,冬季最小。从空间分布看,西部、中北部地区和东南部地区潜在蒸发量均呈非显著性增加趋势。太阳净辐射量增加是黄土高原潜在蒸发量增加的主导因子,其次为实际水汽压、风速和温度。     

库姆塔格沙漠周边地区极端降水的时空变化特征

根据中国气象局信息中心提供的库姆塔格沙漠周边地区20个气象站1960-2014年逐日降水量资料,分析了库姆塔格沙漠周边地区1960-2014年极端降水的时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）库姆塔格沙漠周边地区极端降水主要集中在夏季且存在很大的地域性差异。（2）1960-2014年库姆塔格沙漠周边地区极端降水事件、年大雨频次、年大降水事件降水量和年降水量显著增加。（3）库姆塔格沙漠周边地区西部极端降水主要由频数很少的暴雨贡献,而东部极端降水则由暴雨和大雨共同贡献。（4）库姆塔格沙漠周边地区极端降水指数在夏季和年尺度的空间分布相似,且强降水指数在年和夏季尺度的空间分布均呈“鞍型场”型。     

Spatial and temporal variations in summer precipitation in Japanese mountain areas

We examined spatial and temporal variations in precipitation measured during summer season between 1976 and 2007 for 28 stations located in mountain areas across Japan using the amount of precipitation (Pr), the mean depth of precipitation events (η), and the inverse of the mean interval times (λ). We obtained positive correlations between the period mean Pr (Pr ) and the period mean η ( ) and between Pr and the period mean λ ( ) for the 28 stations. Pr was more strongly related to than to , indicating the spatial variations in Pr that are primarily related to the variations in . In addition, Pr was more strongly related to η than to λ for most stations on the basis of data for 1976–2007, indicating that the year‐to‐year variations in Pr are primarily related to η. We also examined temporal trends in Pr, η and λ for 1976–2007 and found no systematic trends for 23 of the 28 stations, suggesting long‐term trends that are not common in mountain areas of Japan. The relationships between Pr and and between Pr and η presented in this study enable us to generate a temporal precipitation distribution pattern based on only Pr and Pr data, respectively. Furthermore, probabilistic stochastic hydrological models require precipitation characteristics as input; thus, this study contributes to the determination of hydrological cycles and their possible future changes in Japanese mountain areas and therefore to water resource management. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太原地震台短水准受水位影响分析及异常识别

水位是影响水准高差变化最为显著和普遍的因素,本文研究了晋7-1~#井水位变化对太原地震台水准高差的影响,分析了两者的相关性及年最大变化量的异同情况。结果显示,相关性、年最大变化量比值异常与山西地震带地震有较好对应。     

Temporal correlations and clustering of landslides

This paper examines temporal correlations and temporal clustering of a proxy historical landslide time series, 2255 reported landslides 1951–2002, for an area in the Emilia‐Romagna Region, Italy. Landslide intensity is measured by the number of reported landslides in a day (D_L) and in an ‘event’ (S_event) of consecutive days with landsliding. The non‐zero values in both time series D_L and S_event are unequally spaced in time, and have heavy‐tailed frequency‐size distributions. To examine temporal correlations, we use power‐spectral analysis (Lomb periodogram) and surrogate data analysis, confronting our original D_L and S_event time series with 1000 shuffled (uncorrelated) versions. We conclude that the landslide intensity series D_L has strong temporal correlations and S_event has likely temporal correlations. To examine temporal clustering in D_L and S_event, we consider extremes over different landslide intensity thresholds. We first examine the statistical distribution of interextreme occurrence times, τ, and find Weibull distributions with parameter γ << 1·0 [D_L] and γ < 1·0 [S_event]; thus D_L and S_event each have temporal correlations, but S_event to a lesser degree. We next examine correlations between successive interextreme occurrence times, τ. Using autocorrelation analysis applied to τ, combined with surrogate data analysis, we find for D_L linear correlations in τ, but for S_event inconclusive results. However, using Kendall's rank correlation analysis we find for both D_L and S_event the series of τ are strongly correlated. Finally, we apply Fano Factor analysis, finding for both D_L and S_event the timings of extremes over a given threshold exhibit a fractal structure and are clustered in time. In this paper, we provide a framework for examining time series where the non‐zero values are strongly unequally spaced and heavy‐tailed, particularly important in the Earth Sciences due to their common occurrence, and find that landslide intensity time series exhibit temporal correlations and clustering. Many landslide models currently are designed under the assumption that landslides are uncorrelated in time, which we show is false. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种基于大数据的前兆异常识别方法——以云南鲁甸地震为例

利用大数据的研究思想,对鲁甸地震多个前兆测项的震前观测数据进行多测项异常检测的联合应用,结果与地震有很好的对应关系。对区域内更多数据的分析表明,该方法检测结果与5级以上地震具有较好的对应关系。该方法是将大数据思想引入地震观测数据应用的一次尝试。     

西藏NPP时空格局与气候因子的关系

根据2000-2012年1 km MOD17A3 NPP遥感数据和气温、降水等气象资料,在GIS支撑下,结合多种统计计算方法,对西藏NPP时空格局与气候因子的关系进行研究。结果表明:2000-2012年间西藏陆地植被的NPP为119.3～148.4 g·m^-2·a^-1,平均为135.2 g·m^-2·a^-1;近年来西藏NPP呈不显著上升趋势,NPP总体上由东南向西北逐渐变小。13年来西藏NPP在总体不变(面积占61.11%)的基础上略有增加(面积占10.7%);不同植被类型中阔叶林的NPP最大,为1 185.2～1 430.2 g·m^-2·a^-1,其次是混交林,为535.1～741.2 g·m^-2·a^-1,其后依次是稀树草原、针叶林、农用地、草地和灌丛;西藏NPP与气温、降水因子分别有较好的正、负相关性。所有植被类型都与年均气温呈正相关,其中草地的NPP与年均气温的相关系数达0.88,其次是针叶林为0.76,相关性最差为热带稀树草原0.13;与年降水量的相关性,除了热带稀树草原正相关(0.26),其余都负相关,草地、针叶林的相关系数分别为-0.79、-0.73。     

1999-2013年中国耕地复种指数的时空演变格局

耕地复种是中国普遍的农业种植制度,对保障国家粮食安全和促进农村经济发展十分必要。本文基于1999-2013年1 km×1 km旬SPOT-NDVI数据和3期耕地数据,利用S-G （Savitzky-Golay）滤波方法,重建了农作物生长NDVI曲线;基于二次差分算法及相关阈值限定,提取了各时相复种指数;分析了1999-2013年中国耕地复种指数的时空变化过程。结果表明：① 中国耕地复种指数从北到南逐渐增加,其中种植制度上43.48%的耕地实行一年一熟,56.39%的耕地实行一年两熟,仅有0.13%的耕地实行一年三熟。② 1999-2013年间,中国耕地复种指数整体上呈现显著上升趋势,年均增加约为1.29%（P < 0.001）;但空间差异明显,复种指数显著降低（P < 0.1）的耕地仅占全国耕地的2.12%,主要分布在河北、北京、天津交界地区,安徽中部,四川的成都平原,江西的鄱阳湖平原,湖南的北部和南部以及广西的中部;16.40%的耕地复种指数显著上升（P < 0.1）,主要分布在甘肃的东部,陕西的渭河平原,山西的西部,河北、山东和天津交界处,山东的山东半岛和湖北的江汉平原。③ 耕地复种指数年际变化率与地形起伏和经济发展水平具有较好的相关关系：起伏度增强,复种指数上升;经济发展水平提高,复种指数降低。     

基于GPS轨迹大数据的优质客源时空分布研究

出租车客源的时空分布不均衡,不仅影响着出租车司机的收入,更重要的是极大地影响着出租车作为城市公共交通重要补充作用效益的发挥和提升。由于拒载、空载等因素的影响,传统研究出租车驾驶行为的评价方法,已无法准确表达出租车运营效率。本文以出租车GPS数据为研究对象,通过加入出租车空载状态的影响来优化出租车效率评估模型,首次提出了出租车优质客源的概念,对出租车优质客源进行定义与量化,建立优质客源的时空分析方法,并从出租车行驶轨迹中提取优质客源信息与优质客源的时空分布规律,为改善出租车司机的收益及提高出租车运营效率提供科学依据。