The Kwakshua Watersheds Observatory,central coast of British Columbia,Canada

The Kwakshua Watersheds Observatory (KWO) is an integrative watersheds observatory on the coastal margin of a rain-dominated bog-forest landscape in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Established in 2013, the goal of the KWO is to understand and model the flux of terrestrial materials from land to sea – the origins, pathways, processes and ecosystem consequences – in the context of long-term environmental change. The KWO consists of seven gauged watersheds and a network of observation sites spanning from land to sea and along drainage gradients within catchments. Time-series datasets include year-round measurements of weather, soil hydrology, streamflow, aquatic biogeochemistry, microbial ecology and nearshore oceanographic conditions. Sensor measurements are recorded every 5 min and water samples are collected approximately monthly. Additional observations are made during high-flow conditions. We used remote sensing to map watershed terrain, drainage networks, soils and terrestrial ecosystems. The watersheds range in size from 3.2 to 12.8 km², with varying catchment characteristics that influence hydrological and biogeochemical responses. Despite local variation, the overall study area is a global hotspot for yields of dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved iron at the coastal margin. This observatory helps fill an important gap in the global network of observatories, in terms of spatial location (central coast of BC), climate (temperate oceanic), hydrology (very high runoff, pluvial regime), geology (igneous intrusive, glacially scoured), vegetation (bog rainforest) and soils (large stores of organic carbon).     

基于纹理特征的香格里拉县冷杉林郁闭度遥感估测研究

以香格里拉县2006年TM影像、2006年森林资源二类调查小班数据为信息源,结合研究区冷杉林地面实测标准地（30m×30m）数据,提取香格里拉县冷杉林TM影像分布信息及标准地纹理特征因子（共48个）,对各因子进行相关分析;利用主成分法对纹理特征因子进行因子分析,最终选出13个纹理特征因子利用偏最小二乘法进行回归建模并进行模型精度检验。根据回归估测模型以及提取出的冷杉林各波段纹理特征因子,进行研究区冷杉林郁闭度反演。结果表明,基于遥感影像纹理特征建立的郁闭度遥感估测模型,其RE=13.8%,RMSE=10.39,精度为83.3%。研究区冷杉林郁闭度反演可知冷杉林郁闭度多分布在0.6~0.7范围内,多为中度郁闭林地。     

平坦低地农业区人类活动影响下地形对森林分布的影响（英文）

Complex topography buffers forests against deforestation in mountainous regions.However,it is unknown if terrain also shapes forest distribution in lowlands where human impacts are likely to be less constrained by terrain.In such regions,if important at all,topographic effects will depend on cultural-historical factors and thus be human-driven(anthropogenic) rather than natural,except in regions where the general climate or extreme soils limit the occurrence of forests.We used spatial regression modeling to assess the extent to which topographic factors explain forest distribution(presence-absence at a 48×48 m resolution) in a lowland agricultural region(Denmark,43,075 km2) at regional and landscape scales(whole study area and 10×10 km grid cells,respectively),how landscape-scale forest-topography relationships vary geographically,and which potential drivers(topographic heterogeneity,forest cover,clay content,coastal/inland location) determine this geographic heterogeneity.Given a moist temperate climate and non-extreme soils all landscapes in Denmark would naturally be largely forest covered,and any topographic relationships will be totally or primarily human-driven.At regional scale,topographic predictors explained only 5% of the distribution of forest.In contrast,the explanatory power of topography varied from 0%–61% at landscape scale,with clear geographic patterning.Explanatory power of topography at landscape scale was moderately dependent on the potential drivers,with topographic control being strongest in areas with high topographic heterogeneity and little forest cover.However,these conditioning effects were themselves geographically variable.Our findings show that topography by shaping human land-use can affect forest distribution even in flat,lowland regions,but especially via localized,geographically variable effects.     

Predictive modelling of gold potential with the integration of multisource information based on random forest: a case study on the Rodalquilar area,Southern Spain

Mineral exploration activities require robust predictive models that result in accurate mapping of the probability that mineral deposits can be found at a certain location. Random forest (RF) is a powerful machine data-driven predictive method that is unknown in mineral potential mapping. In this paper, performance of RF regression for the likelihood of gold deposits in the Rodalquilar mining district is explored. The RF model was developed using a comprehensive exploration GIS database composed of: gravimetric and magnetic survey, a lithogeochemical survey of 59 elements, lithology and fracture maps, a Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper image and gold occurrence locations. The results of this study indicate that the use of RF for the integration of large multisource data sets used in mineral exploration and for prediction of mineral deposit occurrences offers several advantages over existing methods. Key advantages of RF include: (1) the simplicity of parameter setting; (2) an internal unbiased estimate of the prediction error; (3) the ability to handle complex data of different statistical distributions, responding to nonlinear relationships between variables; (4) the capability to use categorical predictors; and (5) the capability to determine variable importance. Additionally, variables that RF identified as most important coincide with well-known geologic expectations. To validate and assess the effectiveness of the RF method, gold prospectivity maps are also prepared using the logistic regression (LR) method. Statistical measures of map quality indicate that the RF method performs better than LR, with mean square errors equal to 0.12 and 0.19, respectively. The efficiency of RF is also better, achieving an optimum success rate when half of the area predicted by LR is considered.     

基于MobileGIS的林业野外数据采集系统的应用研究

森林资源二类调查是森林资源清查的主要手段,所产生的调查结果又是林业GIS系统数据的主要来源,传统野外数据采集到矢量化入库需要花费大量的时间.文章首先阐述当前林业GIS系统中数据采集及入库过程的现状及业务流程,并对数据生产这一流程在林业GIS系统的建设所产生的瓶颈问题进行分析和评价,并以实习林场实例数据为样本数据,采用E...     

Using palm‐mat geotextiles on an arable soil for water erosion control in the UK

To date, most studies of the effectiveness of geotextiles on soil erosion rates and processes have been conducted in laboratory experiments for less than 1 h. Hence, at Hilton (52°33′ N, 2°19′ W), UK, the effectiveness of employing palm‐mat geotextiles for soil erosion control under field conditions on arable loamy sands was investigated. Geotextile‐mats constructed from Borassus aethiopum (Borassus palm of West Africa) and Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti palm of South America) leaves are termed Borassus mats and Buriti mats, respectively. Duplicate runoff plots (10 m × 1 m on a 15° slope) had five treatments (bare, permanent grass, Borassus total plot cover, Borassus buffer strip and Buriti buffer strip). Borassus covered plots had about 72% ground cover and to differentiate between this treatment and Borassus buffer strips, the former treatment is termed Borassus completely‐covered. Runoff and eroded soil were collected from each bounded plot in a concrete gutter, leading to a receptacle. Results from 08/01/2007–23/01/2009 (total precipitation = 1776·5 mm; n = 53 time intervals) show that using Borassus buffer strips (area coverage ～10%) on bare soil decreased runoff volume by about 71% (P > 0·05) and soil erosion by 92% (P < 0·001). Bare plots had nearly 29·1 L m^?2 runoff and 2·36 kg m^?2 soil erosion during that period. Borassus buffer strip, Buriti buffer strip and Borassus completely‐covered plots had similar effects in decreasing runoff volume and soil erosion. Runoff volumes largely explain the variability in soil erosion rates. Although buffer strips of Borassus mats were as effective as whole plot cover of the same mats, the longevity of Borassus mats was nearly twice that of Buriti mats. Thus, use of Borassus mats as buffer strips on bare plots is highly effective for soil erosion control. The mechanisms explaining the effectiveness of buffer strips require further studies under varied pedo‐climatic conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国森林乡村的多尺度分异特征与分区优化

国家森林乡村建设是实施乡村振兴战略和改善农村人居环境的重要措施,但森林乡村在不同尺度的分异特征及优化方向尚不明晰。本文综合运用探索性空间数据分析、耦合度模型和Voronoi图分析等研究方法,从全国、区域和行政尺度分析了国家森林乡村空间格局、数量规模和内部分异特征,并基于森林乡村与人口耦合关系及乡村可达类型识别,分析了全国森林乡村的分区格局及其优化方向。结果表明：全国森林乡村密度具有明显的东高西低分异特征,长江三角洲地区是森林乡村高密度集中分布最大的连片区。基于县域单元的省域森林乡村泰尔指数差异较大,东南区域森林乡村分布相对均衡,西南和东北区域内部差异显著。森林乡村空间可达性呈现自东向西的梯度递减,森林乡村与人口密度的耦合类型分布具有较强的内部分异性。文章基于森林乡村可达类型与耦合分区的组合分析,将全国划分为重点发展区、特色挖掘区、集聚提升区、适度引导区和功能转型区五类,明确了不同类型区森林乡村建设的重点方向,将为面向乡村振兴的全国森林乡村建设与分区优化提供决策依据。     

重庆市森林火险变化特征及气象条件分析

利用重庆市34个气象站1961-2007年逐日气象观测资料以及同期NECP/NCAR逐月再分析数据,根据森林火险环境气象指数的定义,研究了重庆市森林火灾变化特征,并对春季和盛夏高森林火险等级下的典型年份的大气环流特征进行了分析。结果表明：重庆林火次数具有明显的年、季、月、日变化特征,盛夏（7-9月）和春季（2-4月）为2个高峰期,其林火次数占全年林火总数的78%,其中8月最多（占全年林火总数的18%）,午后是森林火灾多发时段;春季重庆市高森林火险的大气环流特征表现为：乌拉尔山、贝加尔湖和鄂霍茨克海地区500 hPa位势高度偏低,四川盆地高度场偏高,冷空气在中高纬地区堆积,天气活动主锋区偏北;盛夏重庆市高森林火险的环流特征为：巴尔喀什湖和鄂霍茨克海地区500 hPa位势高度显著偏低,朝鲜半岛位势高度显著偏高,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏北。     

正地闪和负地闪预击穿脉冲序列的统计分析与对比

2009～2010年夏季,在大兴安岭林区利用闪电快、慢电场变化测量仪组成的网络对自然闪电进行了多站同步观测。本文选取2010年夏季3次过境雷暴过程中具有4站以上同步的资料,同时对表现出明显预击穿过程的37次正地闪和56次负地闪的预击穿脉冲序列进行了统计分析。统计的主要参数包括：脉冲序列的总持续时间（Total Duration）,脉冲序列和首次回击之间的时间间隔（PB-RS Separation）,预击穿过程到首次回击的时间间隔（Pre-RS Interval）,单个脉冲持续时间（Individual Pulse Duration）,相邻脉冲时间间隔（Interpulse Interval）等。对于负地闪,相应参数的算术平均值为4.1 ms、55.4 ms、56.0 ms、8.8 μs和111.0 μs,几何平均值为3.7 ms、35.6 ms、36.5 ms、7.4 μs和98.2 μs;对于正地闪,相应参数的算术平均值为4.5 ms、75.6 ms、77.3 ms、11.5 μs和297.3 μs,几何平均值为3.0 ms、57.8 ms、60.0 ms、10.0 μs和217.9 μs。对比发现,正地闪预击穿脉冲序列相对负地闪预击穿脉冲序列持续时间更长,和首次回击的时间间隔更大,其单个脉冲更宽,在整个序列中排列更稀疏。计算了正、负地闪最大预击穿脉冲幅值和首次回击幅值的比值（PB/RS,PB代表最大预击穿脉冲幅值,RS代表首次回击幅值）,通过和其他研究结果的对比,发现负地闪有PB/RS随纬度增大而增大的趋势,而正地闪没有。另外,检验了首次回击前地闪电场波形与BIL模型（Breakdown Intermediate Leader, BIL）的符合情况,发现只有很小比例的电场波形符合BIL模型。     

Forest disturbance enhanced the activity of epedaphic collembola in windthrown stands of the High Tatra mountains

The study aimed to assess the response of ep- and hemiedaphic Collembola communities （activity, richness, community structure） to a disturbance, the subsequent management regime and to the season （summer, winter） in a High Tatra Mountainsspruce forest destroyed by a windstorm. Fire and clear-cut resulted in an initial increase in the activity of Collembola inhabiting open areas, opportunistic or generalist species, while forest specialists diminished in numbers or disappeared. Our results indicated that treatment with non-extracted fallen trees （NEX） provided a better chance for forest species to survive compared with their survival in open habitats of extracted （EXT） and wildfire （FIR） treatments. Great species’ potential of NEX treatment was indicated by Chao2 estimator and activity/species rarefaction curves. Communities of NEX treatment were more similar to the reference （REF） treatment, documented by ordination and cluster analyses. Thus, leaving fallen timber after a windthrow to natural process of succession is suitable for survival of forest species and maintenance of diversity in forests restoration than timber extraction. Community structure in wildfire （FIR） stands was the most dissimilar to the other treatments. Most of the species trapped in this treatment belonged to hemiedaphic life forms, while the activity of larger epedaphic species diminished. In contrast, the highest number of trapped Collembola in EXT treatment was connected with the larger-bodied epigeic species with fast dispersal ability. The trapping period affected both the number of individuals and species richness; Collembola activity and species diversity in the individual treatments were lower in winter compared with the summer period. Several species increased activity during the winter period, namelyFolsomia penicula, Friesea mirabilis, F. truncata,Hypogastrura socialisand Protaphorura aurantiaca.