Watershed simulation in a sandy terrain of the Thar desert using GIS

The sandy landscape in a desert contains very few stream channels. This poses a problem for delineating watersheds for analysis. Since large-scale topographical sheets of sandy terrain also contain very little information on height, delineation of watersheds from topographical sheets often becomes difficult. In order to find a simple solution to the problem in the Thar desert of Rajasthan, India, the authors used the well-known ARC/INFO software for simulation of height and drainage network using the scarce topographical information for a sandy terrain near Jodhpur. Superimposition of data layers generated from remote sensing and secondary sources validated the simulation results, and suggested suitability of the method for application in similarly handicapped areas.     

长江中下游河道冲淤与河床自动调整作用分析

根据实测河道测图资料及水沙资料，首次利用断面地形法和输沙平衡法较全面地系统地计算分析了长江中下游河道泥沙的冲淤变化及其分布规律，计算结果表明宜昌－大通段呈冲槽、淤滩、淤汊特征；同时剖析和验证了长江中下游河床具有较强的自动调整作用。     

A new conception on the formation of the first bend of Yangtze River: its relations with Eocene magmatic activities

Based on field observations, the author proposes a new understanding on the formation of the first bend of the Yangtze River. The relationship between the formation of the first bend of the Yangtze River and Eocene magmatic activity is expounded, suggesting that the first bend of the Yangtze River is the result from choking of the strong magmatic activity in Eocene. As a result, the upstream became a natural reservoir, whose riverside between Mt. Yulong and Mt. Haba was burst, guiding Jinshajiang River running eastward. At the same time, the drastic uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau led to the deep dissection of the river cut down the channel, resulting in the formation of the Tiger Leaping Gorge. The magnitude of uplift in the study area (located in the eastern of the Tibetan Plateau) is calculated. Taking Mt. Yulong as a base, the magnitude of lift is 3,300 m from Eocene to Pliocene, adding 700 m since Pleistocene, totaling up to 4,000 m or so.     

SWT声雷达探测系统对大气边界层声回波信号的变换与检测

在SWT声雷达探测系统中,采用作者提出的检测声回波信号的跟踪滤波锁相方法(PLTF),提取Doppler频偏f_d的V-F-BCD变换和模块化设计,减小了锁相环(PLL)的失锁现象,改善了声雷达的测风精度,闭路同源标定结果表明SWT声雷达探测系统的测频精度优于0.1Hz,相当于测风精度可达λ/4/s(λ——发射声波长),由于环境噪声的干扰,将会使测风精度略有降低。     

A study of river channel pattern information recorded by grain size parameters of fluvial sediment

River channel pattern may be regarded as the outcome of streamflow, sediment load, and channel boundary conditions, as can the grain size distribution of bed material. It may therefore be expected that connections should exist between river channel pattern characteristics and the corresponding river bed material grain size parameters. Using data from some Chinese rivers, an attempt has been made to express these connections quantitatively by using statistical methods. The work demonstrates that the river's bed load can be related to the percentage of the traction subpopulation of the bed material shown by the probabilistic plot of grain size cumulative-frequency curve. The study has also revealed some correlations between the bed material grain size parameters of rivers and their channel geometry such as channel width-depth ratio and channel sinuosity. For instance, the higher the ratio of the traction to suspension subpopulation in bed material, the more sinuous, more shallow, and wider the river channel would be. Furthermore, a discrimination function has been given to distinguish between meandering and wandering braided rivers. If the existence of these relationships can be supported by data from more rivers in other regions, then by using them we can postdict palaeoriver channel geometry and its channel pattern character from fluvial sediment grain size parameters of the palaeoriver. This would open a new way to reconstruct the physicogeographical environment in which palaeorivers developed.     

Limited Downstream Response of Stream Channel Size to Urbanization in a Humid Tropical Basin*

Stream channel changes are often assumed to propagate downstream of the disturbed or urbanized reach, especially where the main controlling variables of discharge and sediment load vary regularly in the downstream direction. A survey of bankfull cross-sectional sizes at 10 stations along a tropical stream shows that downstream propagation of the disturbance may not always occur. Serial regression analysis suggests that a reduction in channel size induced by urbanization did not extend beyond the urbanized reach. Furthermore, local channel change did not alter the downstream log linear trend between channel size and basin area. Apparently, the storage of floodwaters and sediments on floodplains reduced the downstream effects of urbanization.     

Flow,bed topography,grain size and sedimentary structure in open channel bends: A three-dimensional model

Bed topography and grain size are predicted for steady, uniform flow in circular bends by consideration of the balance of fluid, gravity and frictional forces acting on bed load particles. Uniform flow pattern is adequately described by conventional hydraulic equations, with bed shear defined as that effectively acting on bed load grains. This analysis is used as a basis to predict bed topography and grain size for steady, non-uniform flow in non-circular bends (represented by a ‘sine-generated’ curve). The non-uniform flow pattern is calculated using the method of Engelund (1974a). Equilibrium bed form, hence sedimentary structure, is found by comparison of existing flow conditions with one of the schemes describing the hydraulic stability limits of the various bed forms. The model was compared with bankfull flow observations from a channel bend on the River South Esk, Scotland. Theoretical bed topography and velocity distribution were very close to the observed data. However, bed shear stress showed only a broad agreement, probably because of the use a constant friction coefficient value. Mean grain size distribution showed good agreement, but theory did not account adequately for gravel sizes in the talweg region and on the upstream, inner part of the bar, possibly due to theoretical underestimation of effective bed shear. Bed form and sedimentary structure are predicted well using the familiar stream power-grain size scheme. The behaviour of the model under unsteady uniform flow conditions in circular bends was analyzed, and suggests that any variation of grain size and bed topography with stage is likely to be limited to deeper parts of the channel.     

Flow and sedimentary processes in the meandering river South Esk,Glen Clova,Scotland

Channel geometry, flow and sedimentation in a meander bend of the River South Esk were studied from bankfull stages (January–February) to low water stages (May) in 1974. Bed topography varied little over the study period, showing a typical pool and ripple geometry. Variation of mean depth and velocity with discharge differed from section to section around the bend, due primarily to locally varying flow resistance with stage. The flow pattern for all stages was dominated by a single spiral over the point bar, with a development zone at the bend entrance. Deviation of bed shear stress from the mean flow direction was in general accord with theory, especially for high stages. The use of a uniform longitudinal water surface slope in the calculation of bed shear stress is not justified because of a complicated water surface topography, also such calculated shear may not represent effective bed shear on grains, as it accounts also for energy losses associated with secondary flows. Dunes covered much of the bar at high stages, with increasing proportions of ripples, sand ribbons and lower phase plane beds at low stages. Local flow resistance generally decreases from dunes, diminished and ripple-backed dunes, ripples, sand ribbons to plane beds, and bed forms are predicted quite well by the stream power-grain size scheme. Mean size, sorting and skewness of sediment over the bed changes little with stage. In general, size decreases, sorting improves and skewness changes from positive to negative from the talweg to the inner bank, and in the downstream direction. Allen's (1970a, b) force balance equation for moving bed load particles is supported for bankfull stage, with some reservations, and textural characteristics are explained by progressive sorting in the direction of sediment transport. Large-scale trough cross stratification (with some flat bedding) formed at high stage by dunes (and lower phase plane beds) dominates the point bar sediments. Alternations of fine-medium sand (often cross-laminated) and vegetation-rich layers result from periodic deposition on the grassed upper bar surface. Fining upwards sequences produced by lateral channel migration are modified by a coarsening upward subsequence in the upstream bar region where spiral flow is developing from the bend upstream.     

Stable channel analysis with sediment transport for rivers in Malaysia: A case study of the Muda,Kurau, and Langat rivers

Assessments of a stable channel were done to evaluate the conditions of three rivers in Malaysia, using an analytical method that modifies the stable channel flowchart developed by Chang (1988) and Ariffin (2004). The analytical approach was selected to calculate the suitable dimensions for a stable channel, using equations that describe the physical relation of sediment transport, flow resistance, and dynamic equilibrium. Measured field data were used as the input data for the stable channel program, which then processed the data until the input discharge was equal to the output discharge. However, this method depends on the accuracy of the sediment transport equation that is used in the stable channel design. Existing equations recommended by the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID), Malaysia, were found to be unsuitable because of their low discrepancy ratio (DR) values, which were below 42%. These are the equations of Engelund and Hansen (1967) and Yang (1979), as well as existing local equations from Ariffin (2004) and Sinnakaudan et al. (2006). Therefore, revised equations were developed in the current study to increase the accuracy of the total bed material load equations for use in Malaysian rivers. The newly revised Ariffin (2004) and Sinnakaudan et al. (2006) equations yielded better DRs of 66.34 and 64.49%, respectively. River assessments done on the Kurau River (a small river), the Muda River (a medium-size river), and the Langat River (a large river) show that these rivers have experienced different levels of erosion. Only the Kurau River was found to have minimal erosion and sedimentation levels. Conversely, stable channel assessments for the Muda River and the Langat River revealed that both rivers had experienced severe erosion, due to excessive sand mining. Almost all the cross section sampling points on the Muda River and Langat River were deeper than the suggested stable channel heights.     

城市江堤外移工程对防洪影响研究

以浙江省温州市瓯江江堤外移工程为例,应用二维潮流数学模型研究了堤线外移的不同工程方案对城市防洪的影响。该模型能够模拟瓯江与楠溪江交汇引起的复杂水流运动,以及多岛屿对水流流场的影响。验证计算表明,计算的潮位及18条垂线流速及断面流量过程与实测值吻合较好,误差均小于10%。因堤线外移的部分大多位于河道岸线的凹囊,适当外移可使河道岸线更趋平顺。100年一遇洪水时,瓯江大桥至鱼旗山堤线外移曲线方案1与直线方案2分别使屿头山-梅岙河段最高潮位壅高0.03～0.04m及0.04～0.08m。多年平均流量450m3/s时,方案2使塔山至鱼旗山断面垂线平均流速增加6%～22%,工程段以外河段流速变化较小;方案1缩窄的河宽和拦截过水面积明显小于方案2,相应引起流速变化也较小。